Work –Moving an object with a force that is in the direction of the movement.  W = F ∙ d If F and displacement moved are in same direction, W is (+) If F and displacement moved are in opposite directions, W is (-) Only forces that are in line with the displacement do work. –Positive Work will speed up an object (ex: Pushing). –Negative Work will slow an object down (ex: Friction). –Work can also be done to move an object against an existing force (ex: Lifting against gravity). –S.I. Units: 1 joule = (1 J) = 1N ∙ m = 1kg ∙ m 2 /s 2

Example: Work and Luggage 1.Joe pushes a 20 kg piece of luggage with a force of 5 N across the floor for 3 meters. What work does Joe do on the luggage? W F = F ∙ d = 5N ∙ 3 m = 15 J 2.If Joe is pushing this luggage at constant velocity, then what is the work done by friction on the luggage? f = -F (since v is constant) so: W f = f ∙ d = (-5N)∙(3 m) = -15 J What is the net work done on the luggage? W NET = W F + W f = 0 or W NET = F NET = (F + f)∙d = (5N-5N)∙(3m) = 0

Pulling at an Angle Suppose Joe pulls with 5 N at an angle so that he is pulling: (4 N east + 3 N up) for 3 meters (east). What work does he do? 5N W = 4 N ∙ 3m = 12 J East –Note: Only the component of the force that is in the direction of the motion is responsible for the work.

Work, Mass, and Velocity How can we relate the work we do on an object to its mass and resulting velocity? Assume a constant force causing a constant acceleration. Use kinematics equations 1 and 2:  d = ½ at 2 v = at W NET = F NET ∙ d = ma ∙ ½ at 2 = ½ m a 2 t 2 = ½ m (at) 2 = ½ m v 2 (any comments?)

Power Power is the rate at which work is done. P = W/Δt Low Power: lifting or pushing an object slowly. High Power: lifting or pushing an object quickly. S.I. Unit: 1 watt = 1 (W) = 1 J/s = 1 joule/second Ex: If Joe pushes the luggage with 5N through 3 meters in 2 seconds, what power is he exerting? –P AV = W/ Δt = F ∙ d / Δt = (5N)(3m)/(2s) = 7.5 W –Notice: P = W/ Δt = F ∙ (d / Δt ) = F ∙ v AV –Since v AV = (3m/2s); P AV = (5N ) (1.5 m/s) = 7.5 W –(This is an average power)

Force Fields Force field: A region in space where an object feels a force depending on its position in the region. Examples: –Gravitational Field: F g =mg (at Earth’s surface) –“Elastic” Field: a mass on a spring. As a spring stretches more, mass feels more force

Energy Energy is a measure of an object’s ability to do work. Two types of Energy: –Kinetic Energy (KE): depends on an object’s mass and speed: K.E. = ½ mv 2 –Potential Energy (P.E.): depends on an object’s position in a force field (such as Earth’s gravitational field). –Also, thermal energy, but that’s really the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules moving around.

Potential Energy Gravitational Potential Energy: (Important Formula) P.E. = mgh ; h = height above ground Q: What minimum work must I do to lift a mass (m) a height (h)? Objects “FALL” to lower potential energy. –A ball falls to lower positions. –A mass on a spring moves so as to relieve the stretch of a spring.

Work Changes Energy Work is a process by which an object’s –P.E. is increased or decreased. –K.E. is increased or decreased. –P.E. is turned into K.E. or K.E. is turned into P.E And the Work done on the object equals its change in energy.. Just for perspective, what is another process by which an object’s energy can be changed? –Heat

Examples of Work Changing Energy Pushing an object over a distance w/o friction –Positive Work increases the kinetic energy An object sliding to rest due to friction –Negative work decreasing kinetic energy Lifting an object from the floor to a shelf. –Positive work increasing potential energy. An object falling off a cliff –Gravity does (+) work transforming P.E. into K.E. An object, thrown upwards, slowing as it rises –Gravity does (-) work transforming K.E. into P.E.

Work and Energy The work done on an object equals its change in energy. 1.Example: Pushing an object: W = ΔK.E. Joe pushes a 20 kg piece of luggage with a force of 5 N across the floor for 3 meters. What is the speed of the luggage if it is initially at rest? Neglect friction. W = F ∙ d = 5N ∙ 3 m = 15 J ΔK.E. = ½ m (v f 2 – v i 2 ) = ½ m v f 2 (since: v i = 0 ) So: W = ½ m v f 2 = 15 J v f 2 =2 (15 J)/20 kg ; v f = 1.2 m/s

Work and Energy: Examples (cont’d) 2.Lifting an object against gravity: W = ΔP.E. Joe lifts a 15 kg piece of luggage a height of 2 meters from the floor to a shelf. What is the change in potential energy of the luggage? Work to overcome gravity to lift luggage a height (h) : W = mg × h = (15 kg) (10 m/s 2 )×(2 m) = 300 J. Then: ΔP.E. = W = 300J

Work and Energy: Examples (cont’d) 3.The 15kg luggage lifted by Joe in the last example, falls off the 2m shelf. In doing so, the work due to gravity turns the P.E. into K.E. So: ΔP.E. is (+) or (-) ? ΔK.E. is (+) or (-)? Notice: ΔP.E. + ΔK.E. = 0 (“Energy Conservation”) From last example: P.E. of luggage on shelf = 300J.  With what K.E. does the luggage hit the floor?  With what speed does the luggage hit the floor?  Could you have found this speed without knowing about energy?

Energy Conservation Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be transformed from one form to another. Examples: –Falling luggage: P.E.  K.E. –Swinging Pendulum: P.E.  K.E.  P.E. and back –Mass going up and down on a spring. More Examples: –If I push a block and increase its K.E., how is energy conserved? –If a sliding block comes to rest on a table due to friction, how is energy conserved?

Steps to Solve Energy Conservation Problems To conserve energy between two places A and B: 1.Draw a picture, labeling positions A and B. Write down given information; identify unknown quantity. 2.Write an expression for the total Energy at A (E TOTA ) = P.E.A + K.E. A 3.Write an expression for the total Energy at B (E TOTB ) = P.E.B + K.E. B 4.Set expression for (E TOTA ) equal to expression for (E TOTB ) 5.Solve for the unknown quantity.

Example 1

Example 2