What is radioactivity? What types of particles are emitted by radioactive substances? What is radioactivity used for? What dangers are associated with radioactivity?
Isotopes – different numbers of NEUTRONS Some isotopes more stable than others
Shows the ratios of protons to neutrons in a stable nucleus
Radioisotope – isotope with unstable nucleus Radioactivity or Radioactive Decay- describes the spontaneous change(s) that radioisotopes undergo to become stable
Gives off EM radiation ALWAYS results in a more stable nucleus ALWAYS results in a new element Transmutation- the change in the identity of the element after it undergoes radioactive decay
Radioactive Decay is represented with an equation Protons and masses on both sides of the equation MUST balance
Alpha Beta Gamma Positron Emission Electron Capture
An Alpha particle is a helium nucleus 2 protons; 2 neutrons The release of an ɑ particle makes the original nucleus smaller Relatively low energy particles Easily shielded by paper or clothing
Notice: 1.Masses add up to 238 on both sides of the arrow 2.The number of protons on both sides of the arrow are also equal
The result of a neutron breaking down 1 neutron is converted to 1 proton and 1 electron The beta particle is the electron More energy than alpha, but still easily shielded by Al foil or wood
Same idea here. Masses balance Protons balance
High energy photon, usually released with alpha or beta particles What are photons? Gamma rays have very high energy, and must be shielded using lead or concrete
Happens when the ratio of protons to neutrons is too high Positrons are positively charged particles with the mass of an electron Turns a proton into a neutron and a positron
Atomic number goes down – one less proton Mass number stays the same – protons and neutrons weight the same Positron is written like a beta particle (electron) but now the charge is +1
Also happens when the ratio of protons to neutrons is too high The nucleus takes in an electron from its own atom The electron being brought into the nucleus makes a proton into a neutron
Add electron Atomic number goes down - 1 less proton Mass stays the same - protons and neutrons weigh the same
Nuclei combine to make a nucleus with greater mass Releases a LOT of energy Nuclear Fusion is responsible for the energy we get from the sun
Nuclear fusion is used in Hydrogen Bombs It “boosts” the fission reaction, and ensures all material is used Hydrogen bombs are the most common type of nuclear weapon
Occurs when a radioisotope is bombarded by neutrons, causing it to split into smaller pieces Releases a large amount of energy (but not as much as fusion) Results in a chain reaction
Used in nuclear power plants Fission creates heat, which boils water Steam spins turbines, creating electricity The water must then be cooled off Nuclear Fission produces about 20% of our energy in the US
Heat Steam produced Steam Turbine Generator Electricity
The worst nuclear accident in US history occurred on Three Mile Island in PA 1979 The reactor meltdown was caused by several mechanical errors as well as human error creating a coolant leak The reactor that had the melt down is no longer in use. The other reactor is slated to remain in use until 2034 “London Calling” by The Clash is about this accident
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant– Pripyat, Ukraine; April 1986 During a test, the reactor received a power spike, causing several explosions Radiation was picked up several hundred miles away, prompting the Soviet Union to admit the accident, 3 days after it happened
During clean-up workers could spend a max of 40 seconds at a time A concrete sarcophagus was built around the reactor Today the sarcophagus needs to be replaced, unfortunately the funds are not available
It is difficult to say how many people were affected, because the Soviet Union doesn’t release much information We do know that radioactive material was detectable over all of Europe
Film Badges – exposure of film measures radiation exposure Geiger Counters- detect radiation through electric pulses in ionized gas Scintillation Counters- measure radiation from substances that emit visible light when energy is absorbed
Radioactive dating can determine the approximate age of an object There are many uses of radiation in the medical field › Detect and kill cancerous cells › X-Rays › Many others Disinfect foods
What is half life? How do we determine the length of radioactive decay?
No two radioisotopes decay at the same rate Half Life (t 1/2 ) is the time required for half the atoms of a radio isotope to decay Can be as short as a few seconds or take billions of years
To calculate the amount of a radioisotope remaining: N t = N o X (0.5) number of half lives N t is the amount remaining N o is the amount you started with # of ½ lives = total time/length of 1 ½ life
Manganese-56 is a beta emitter with a half life of 2.6 hours. What is the mass of manganese-56 in a 1.0 mg sample of the isotope at the end of 10.4 hours?
To calculate the ½ life t 1/2 = (.301)T log(N o /N t ) N t is the amount remaining N o is the amount you started with T is the time of decay t 1/2 is the half life
A 15 g sample of cesium-137 is allowed to decay for 450 years. After this time, g of the sample remain. What is the half life of cesium-137?