Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e Charles T. Blair-Broeker Randal M. Ernst

Biopsychological Domain

The Biological Bases of Behavior Chapter

The Brain ?txtGeneral=the+brain&offset=10 The Standard Deviants The Divided Brain ?txtGeneral=the+brain&offset=10 Module 07

Lower-Level Brain Structures: The Brainstem Module 7: The Brain

Brainstem The oldest part and central core of the brain; It begins where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull Is responsible for automatic survival functions

Brainstem

Medulla (Ma do la) Located at the base of the brainstem Controls life-supporting functions like heartbeat and breathing Damage to this area can lead to death.

Medulla – (ma do la)

Reticular Formation A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling wakefulness and arousal Extending up and down the spinal cord into the brain Controls an organism’s level of alertness Damage to this area can cause a coma.

Lower-Level Brain Structures: The Thalamus Module 7: The Brain

Thalamus Sits atop the brainstem The brain’s sensory switchboard – Directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex Thalamus is Greek for “inner chamber.”

Thalamus

Lower-Level Brain Structures: The Cerebellum Module 7: The Brain

Cerebellum (sare-a-bellum) Latin for the “little brain” Attached to the rear of the brain Helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance If damaged, the person could perform basic movements but would lose fine coordination skills.

Cerebellum

Lower-Level Brain Structures: The Limbic System Module 7: The Brain

Limbic System A ring of structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral cortex Helps regulate memory, aggression, fear, hunger, and thirst Includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala (ah mig dala)

Hypothalamus A neural structure lying below the thalamus Regulates the body’s maintenance activities such as eating, drinking, body temperature, and it linked to emotion Plays a role in emotions, pleasure, and sexual function

Hypothalamus and Aggression Play “Aggression, Violence, and the Brain” (7:17) Module #24 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2 nd edition) htmlhttp:// 42.html

Hippocampus A neural center located in the limbic system that wraps around the back of the thalamus Helps processing new memories for permanent storage Looks something like a seahorse –Hippo is Greek for “horse.” – 2.htm Grow your own brain PBShttp:// 2.htm

2.htmlhttp:// 2.html –Living with Amnesia –A Super-Memorist Advises on Study Strategies

Amygdala (Ah mig dala) Two almond shaped neural cluster in the limbic system Controls emotional responses such as fear and anger

Brain Structures – Lower Brain Insert “Brain Structures” Video #2l from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM. phttp://learning.aliant.net/Player/Search/SubjectTitles.as p Image-Guided Surgery Scientific American

The Cerebral Cortex Module 7: The Brain

Cerebral Cortex The intricate fabric of interconnected neurons that form the body’s ultimate control and information processing center Covers the brain’s lower level structures Contains an estimated 30 billion nerve cells Divided into four lobes

Corpus Callosum (Call o sum) The large band of neural fibers that connects the two brain hemispheres and allows them to communicate with each other Is sometimes cut to prevent seizures

Corpus Callosum (Call o sum)

Corpus Callosum Play “Severed Corpus Callosum” (10:00) Segment #7 from Scientific American Frontiers: Video Collection for Introductory Psychology (2 nd edition).

Longitudinal Fissure The long crevice that divides the cerebral cortex into left and right hemispheres This and other fissures in the brain create major divisions in the brain called lobes

Frontal Lobes The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead Is involved in planning and judgments Includes the motor cortex

The Frontal Lobe Play “The Frontal Lobes: Cognition and Awareness” (9:05) Segment #7 from The Mind: Psychology Teaching Modules (2 nd edition).

Parietal (Par I e tal)Lobes The portion of the cerebral cortex lying on the top of the head and toward the rear Includes the somatosensory cortex and general association areas used in processing information Regions available for general processing, including mathematical reasoning Designated as the association lobes Behind the frontal lobes

Occipital (Oc sip ital) Lobe The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head It includes the primary visual processing areas of the brain

Temporal Lobes Includes the auditory (hearing) areas of the brain Where sound information is processed Located roughly above the ears

Motor Cortex The strip of brain tissue at the rear of the frontal lobes Controls voluntary movement Different parts of the cortex control different parts of the body. The motor cortex in the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and visa versa.

Somatosensory Cortex The brain are located in the front of the parietal lobes Registers and processes body sensations Soma is Greek for “body.”

Motor and Sensory Cortex Play “Image-Guided Surgery” (13:07) Segment #6 from Scientific American Frontiers: Video Collection for Introductory Psychology (2 nd edition).

Differences Between the Two Hemispheres Module 7: The Brain

Hemispheric Differences “Left-brained” and “right-brained” debunked Brain is divided into two hemispheres but works as a single entity. Both sides continually communicate via the corpus callosum, except in those with split brains.

Split Brain Patient Play “The Divided Brain” (6:46) Module #5 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2 nd edition). 3D Tour of the Brain The Whole Brain Atlas

Differences Between the Two Hemispheres: Language and Spatial Abilities Module 7: The Brain

The Brain’s Left Hemisphere For most people, language functions are in the left hemisphere. For a small percentage of people, language functions are in the right hemisphere.

Broca’s Area The brain area of the left frontal lobe Directs the muscle movements involve in speech If damaged the person can form the ideas but cannot express them as speech

Wernicke’s Area A brain area of the left temporal lobe Involved in language comprehension and expression Our ability to understand what is said to us Usually in the left temporal lobe

nline.htmhttp:// nline.htm

The Brain’s Right Hemisphere Houses the brain’s spatial abilities Our spatial ability allows us to perceive or organize things in a given space, judge distance, etc. Helps in making connections between words

Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas Play “Language and Speech: Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas” (7:44) Module #6 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2 nd edition).

Brain Specialization Insert “Brain Imaging” Video #2b from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM.

Split Brain Research

Phineas Gage Play “The Frontal Lobes and Behavior: The Story of Phineas Gage” (12:03) Module #25 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2 nd edition). online.htmhttp:// online.htm online.htmhttp:// online.htm

The End

The most amazing machine: neuroscience and behavior Bell Brain, Bill Nye