PowerPoint Authors: Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPA Charles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMA Jon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIA Cynthia J. Rooney, Ph.D., CPA Share-Based Compensation and Earnings Per Share 19 Copyright © 2011 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Share-Based Compensation Compensation: Salary Stock awards Stock Award Plans Restricted stock plans Usually tied to continuing employment, Compensation is market price at date of grant, Compensation expense accrued over service period.

Stock Option Plans  Stock option plans give employees the option to buy (a) a specified number of shares of the firm's stock, (b) at a specified exercise price, (c) during a specified period of time.  The fair value is accrued as compensation expense over the service period for which participants receive the options, usually from the date of grant to when the options become exercisable (the vesting date).

Expense – The Great Debate Historically, options have been measured at their intrinsic value – the simple difference between the market price of the shares and the option price at which they can be acquired. If the market and exercise price are equal on the date of grant, no compensation expense is recognized even if the options provide executives with substantial income.

Failed Attempt to Require Expensing Opposition to a proposed FASB Statement to recognize expense for certain stock option plans have identified three objections. 1.Options with no intrinsic value at issue have zero fair value and should not give rise to expense recognition. 2.It is impossible to measure the fair value of compensation on the date of grant. 3.Current practices have unacceptable economic consequences. Opposition to a proposed FASB Statement to recognize expense for certain stock option plans have identified three objections. 1.Options with no intrinsic value at issue have zero fair value and should not give rise to expense recognition. 2.It is impossible to measure the fair value of compensation on the date of grant. 3.Current practices have unacceptable economic consequences.

Recognizing Fair Value of Options Accounting for stock options parallels the accounting for restricted stock we discussed earlier. We now are required to estimate the fair value of stock option on the grant date. Accounting for stock options parallels the accounting for restricted stock we discussed earlier. We now are required to estimate the fair value of stock option on the grant date. The FASB now requires that compensation expense be measured using one of several option pricing models that deal with: 1. Exercise price of the option. 2. Expected term of the option. 3. Current market price of the stock. 4. Expected dividends. 5. Expected risk-free rate of return. 6. Expected volatility of the stock.

Plans with Performance or Market Conditions performance target probable In some circumstances, compensation from a stock option plan depends on meeting a performance target. When this is the case, compensation expense depends on whether or not we feel it is probable that the target performance will be met.

U. S. GAAP vs. IFRS A deferred tax asset (DTA) is created for the cumulative amount of the fair value of the options the company has recorded for compensation expense. Account for each vesting amount separately or account for the entire award on the straight-line basis over the entire vesting period. There are more similarities than differences in the treatment of stock options. One major difference is the treatment of deferred tax assets and when options have graded-vesting. The deferred tax asset is not created until the award is “in the money;” that is it has intrinsic value. Straight-line choice is not permitted. Companies not required to recognize the award that has vested by each reporting date.

Plans With Graded-Vesting Rather than stock option plans vesting on a single date, more plans awards specify that recipients gradually become eligible to exercise their options rather than all at once. This is called “graded vesting.” Accounting for compensation expense may be handled: 1 The company may estimate a single fair value for each of the options, even though they vest over different time periods, using a single weighted- average expected life of the options. 2 The company may use a slightly more complex method because it usually results in lower expense. In this approach, we view each vesting group separately, as if it were a separate award. For example, a company may award stock options that vest 25% in the first year, 25% in second year, and 50% the third years. For accounting purposes we have three separate awards.

Employee Share Purchase Plans  Permit employees to buy shares directly from their employer.  Usually the plan is considered compensatory, and compensation expense is recorded.  Employees may buy 100 shares of no par stock for $8.50 per share. The current market price is $ The $1.50 discount is recorded as compensation expense: Cash (100 × $8.50)850 Compensation expense (100 × $1.50)150 Common stock (100 × $10.00) 1,000 Market value

Earnings Per Share (EPS) Of the myriad facts and figures generated by accountants, the single accounting number that is reported most frequently in the media and receives by far the most attention by investors and creditors is earnings per share.

Simple Capital Structure (Basic EPS) Basic Earnings Per Share Net income (after tax) – Preferred dividends* Weighted average outstanding common stock period’s cumulative preferred stock dividends (whether or not declared) and noncumulative preferred stock dividends (only if declared). *Current period’s cumulative preferred stock dividends (whether or not declared) and noncumulative preferred stock dividends (only if declared). Number of shares outstanding × Number of months outstanding ÷ 12 Weighted average shares outstanding

Issuance of New Shares Compute the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Compute the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding.

Issuance of New Shares Compute the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Compute the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. 100,000 + [50,000 × (9/12)] + [10,000 × (3/12)] = 140,000 Shares at Jan. 1 NewSharesNewShares AnnualWeightingAnnualWeighting

Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Common shares issued as part of stock dividends and stock splits are treated retroactively as subdivisions of the shares already outstanding at the date of the split or dividend.

Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Compute the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Compute the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding.

Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Compute the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Compute the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding. 100,000 × (2.00) + [50,000 × (9/12) × 2.00] = 275,000 Shares at Jan. 1 NewShares Stock dividend adjustment AnnualWeighting

Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Retroactive treatment: Stock dividend or split is treated as outstanding from the beginning of the period. Stock dividend or split is applied retroactively in proportion to the number of shares outstanding at the time of the dividend or split. New shares issued this period? New shares issued this period? Yes No

Reacquired Shares If shares were reacquired during the period, the weighted-average number of shares is reduced. The number of reacquired shares is time-weighted for the fraction of the year they were not outstanding.

Reacquired Shares Compute the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Compute the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding.

Reacquired Shares Compute the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Compute the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding. 100,000 + [50,000 × (9/12)] - [12,000 × (8/12)] = 129,500 Shares at Jan. 1 NewSharesTreasuryShares AnnualWeightingAnnualWeighting

Earnings Available to Common Shareholders Net income Less: Current period’s cumulative preferred stock dividends (whether or not declared) Less: Noncumulative preferred stock dividends (only if declared) Net income available to common shareholders

Complex Capital Structure (dual EPS) Dilution/Antidilution Test Stock Options Convertible securities Treasury stock method If-converted method Contingently issuable shares Potential Common Shares: Stock options, rights, and warrantsStock options, rights, and warrants Convertible bonds and stockConvertible bonds and stock Contingent common stock issuesContingent common stock issues Potential Common Shares: Stock options, rights, and warrantsStock options, rights, and warrants Convertible bonds and stockConvertible bonds and stock Contingent common stock issuesContingent common stock issues Diluted Earnings Per Share May Report Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share

Options, Rights, and Warrants Proceeds Used to Purchase treasury shares At average market price The treasury stock method assumes that proceeds from the exercise of options are used to purchase treasury shares. This method usually results in a net increase in shares included in the denominator of the calculation of diluted earnings per share.

Options, Rights, and Warrants Proceeds from assumed exercise Average-of-period market price of stock Proceeds from assumed exercise Average-of-period market price of stock  Determine new shares from assumed exercise of stock options.  Compute number of shares repurchased.

Options, Rights, and Warrants  Determine new shares from assumed exercise of stock options.  Compute shares purchased for the treasury.  Compute the incremental shares assumed outstanding. New shares from assumed exercise (1) Less: Treasury shares assumed purchased (2) Net increase in shares outstanding (3)

Options, Rights, and Warrants When the exercise price exceeds the market price, the securities are antidilutive and are excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS.

Convertible Securities The if-converted method is used for Convertible debt and equity securities. The if-converted method is used for Convertible debt and equity securities. The method assumes conversion occurs as of the beginning of the period or date of issuance, if later.

Convertible Securities The assumed conversion of convertible bonds or preferred stock has two effects on dilutive earnings per share: The assumed conversion of convertible bonds or preferred stock has two effects on dilutive earnings per share:  increases the denominator by the number of common shares issuable upon conversion,  increases the numerator by decreasing after-tax interest expense on convertible bonds, and dividends on convertible preferred stock.

Convertible Securities Dilutive earnings per share may decrease or increase after the assumed conversion. If dilutive earnings per share decreases, the securities are dilutive and are assumed converted. If dilutive earnings per share increases, the securities are antidilutive and are not considered converted.

Order of Entry for Multiple Convertible Securities When a company has more than one instance of potential common shares, they are considered for inclusion in dilutive EPS in sequence from the most dilutive to the least dilutive.

Additional EPS Issues Contingent shares are issuable in the future for little or no cash consideration upon the satisfaction of certain conditions. Contingently issuable shares are considered to be outstanding in the computation of EPS if the target performance level already is being met. Contingently Issuable Shares

Contingently Issuable Shares Shares are issued merely due to passage of time. Some target performance level has already been met and is expected to continue to the end of the contingency period. Contingent shares are included in dilutive EPS if: Example: Additional shares may be issued based on future earnings.

Restricted Stock Awards Restricted stock awards are quickly replacing stock options as the share-based compensation plan of choice. Like stock options, the treasury stock method is used to calculate the number of shares in the denominator of the EPS equation. Unlike stock option, employees do not pay to acquire their shares of stock. No adjustment to the numerator Denominator is increased using treasury method

Summary

Summary

Financial Statement Presentation Report EPS data separately for: 1.Income from Continuing Operations 2.Separately Reported Items a)Discontinued Operations b)Extraordinary Items 3.Net Income

Appendix 19A – Option-Pricing Theory Intrinsic value is the benefit the holder of an option would realize by exercising the option rather than buying the underlying stock directly. An option that permits an employee to buy $25 stock for $10, has an intrinsic value of $15. Options have a time value because the holder of an option does not have to pay the exercise price until the option is exercised.

Summary The fair value of an option is (a) its intrinsic value plus (b) its time value of money plus (c) its volatility component.

Appendix 19B - Stock Appreciation Rights  The SARs are considered to be equity if the employer can elect to settle in shares of stock.  The amount of compensation is estimated at the grant date as the fair value of the SARs.  This amount is expensed over the service period. Usually the same as the fair value of a stock option with similar terms.

Stock Appreciation Rights  The SARs are considered to be a liability if the employee can elect to receive cash upon settlement. In that case, the amount of compensation (and related liability) is estimated each period and continuously adjusted to reflect changes in the fair value of the SARs until the compensation is finally paid.  The current expense (and adjustment to the liability) is the fraction of the total compensation earned to date by recipients of the SARs (based on the elapsed percentage of the service period), reduced by any amounts expensed in prior periods.

End of Chapter 19