Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft? 2) What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor? 3) Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set? 4) Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude? 5) Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude? Warm-Up – 2/7 – 10 minutes

Questions / Comments

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft? 2) What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor? 3) Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set? 4) Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude? 5) Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude? Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes

Aircraft Systems Induction Systems Two types of induction systems are commonly used in small aircraft engines: 1. The carburetor system, which mixes the fuel and air in the carburetor before this mixture enters the intake manifold.

Aircraft Systems Induction Systems 2. The fuel injection system, which mixes the fuel and air immediately before entry into each cylinder or injects fuel directly into each cylinder.

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft? 2) What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor? 3) Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set? 4) Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude? 5) Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude? Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes

Aircraft Systems Carburetor Systems The chief disadvantage of the float carburetor, however, is its icing tendency.

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft? 2) What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor? 3) Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set? 4) Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude? 5) Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude? Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes

Aircraft Systems Mixture Control Carburetors are normally calibrated at sea-level pressure, where the correct fuel-to-air mixture ratio is established with the mixture control set in the FULL RICH position.

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft? 2) What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor? 3) Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set? 4) Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude? 5) Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude? Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes

Aircraft Systems Mixture Control However, as altitude increases, the density of air entering the carburetor decreases, while the density of the fuel remains the same.

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft? 2) What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor? 3) Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set? 4) Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude? 5) Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude? Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes

Aircraft Systems Mixture Control During a descent from high altitude, the mixture must be enriched, or it may become too lean.

Questions / Comments

 February 7 In French aviator Sadi Lacointe, piloting a Nieuport- Delage 29V, becomes the first pilot to set a new Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI) world speed record after World War I. He reaches a measured speed of km/h ( mph) along 1 km (3,280 ft.) course. THIS DAY IN AVIATION

 February 7 In Georgetown University medical school in Washington, D.C., offers the first aviation medicine course in the United States. THIS DAY IN AVIATION

 February 7 In The prototype Blackburn B.24 Skua two-seat fighter/dive-bomber makes its maiden flight, piloted by "Dasher" Blake at Brough, Yorkshire; it is Britain's first dive-bomber. THIS DAY IN AVIATION

 February 7 In One of the best British soccer teams, Manchester United, has been virtually wiped out in an air crash. The team was returning from Belgrade after victory against a Yugoslav opponent when their British European Airways (BEA) Airspeed AS.57 Ambassador failed to take off and crashed into a house in Munich, Germany. THIS DAY IN AVIATION

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SUNDAYMONDAYTUESDAYWEDNESDAYTHURSDAYFRIDAYSATURDAY 1 23 Chapter 6 Aircraft Systems 45 Chapter 6 Aircraft Systems 67 Chapter 6 Aircraft Systems Chapter 6 Aircraft Systems 1213 Chapter 6 Aircraft Systems NO SCHOOL 18 Chapter 6 Aircraft Systems 1920 Chapter 6 Aircraft Systems Chapter 6 Aircraft Systems 2526 Chapter 6 Aircraft Systems 2728 Chapter 6 Aircraft Systems February 2014

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Chapter 6 – Aircraft Systems FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

 Mission:  Identify in writing the primary systems found on most aircraft.  Describe the basic operation and characteristics of the primary aircraft systems.  EQ: Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly. Today’s Mission Requirements

Aircraft Systems Exhaust Systems Engine exhaust systems vent the burned combustion gases overboard, provide heat for the cabin, and defrost the windscreen. An exhaust system has exhaust piping attached to the cylinders, as well as a muffler and a muffler shroud.

Aircraft Systems Exhaust Systems The exhaust gases are pushed out of the cylinder through the exhaust valve and then through the exhaust pipe system to the atmosphere.

Aircraft Systems Exhaust Systems For cabin heat, outside air is drawn into the air inlet and is ducted through a shroud around the muffler. The muffler is heated by the exiting exhaust gases and, in turn, heats the air around the muffler. This heated air is then ducted to the cabin for heat and defrost applications.

Aircraft Systems Exhaust Systems Exhaust gases contain large amounts of carbon monoxide, which is odorless and colorless. Carbon monoxide is deadly, and its presence is virtually impossible to detect. The exhaust system must be in good condition and free of cracks.

Aircraft Systems Starting Systems Most small aircraft use a direct- cranking electric starter system. This system consists of a source of electricity, wiring, switches, and solenoids to operate the starter and a starter motor. Most aircraft have starters that automatically engage and disengage when operated.

Aircraft Systems Starting Systems Electrical power for starting is usually supplied by an onboard battery, but can also be supplied by external power through an external power receptacle.

Aircraft Systems Starting Systems The starter will not operate until the starting solenoid is energized by the starter switch being turned to the “start” position. When the starter switch is released from the “start” position, the solenoid removes power from the starter motor.

Aircraft Systems Starting Systems When starting an engine, the rules of safety and courtesy should be strictly observed. One of the most important is to make sure there is no one near the propeller.

Aircraft Systems Starting Systems In addition, the wheels should be chocked and the brakes set, to avoid hazards caused by unintentional movement. To avoid damage to the propeller and property, the aircraft should be in an area where the propeller will not stir up gravel or dust.

Aircraft Systems Combustion During normal combustion, the fuel/air mixture burns in a very controlled and predictable manner.

Aircraft Systems Combustion Detonation is an uncontrolled, explosive ignition of the fuel/air mixture within the cylinder’s combustion chamber. It causes excessive temperatures and pressures which, if not corrected, can quickly lead to failure of the piston, cylinder, or valves.

Aircraft Systems Combustion In less severe cases, detonation causes engine overheating, roughness, or loss of power. Detonation is characterized by high cylinder head temperatures and is most likely to occur when operating at high power settings.

Aircraft Systems Combustion Common operational causes of detonation are: Operation of the engine with extremely high manifold pressures in conjunction with low rpm. Operation of the engine at high power settings with an excessively lean mixture.

Aircraft Systems Combustion Detonation may be avoided by following these basic guidelines during the various phases of ground and flight operations: Keep the cowl flaps (if available) in the full-open position while on the ground to provide the maximum airflow through the cowling.

Aircraft Systems Combustion Use an enriched fuel mixture, as well as a shallower climb angle to increase cylinder cooling during takeoff and initial climb. Avoid extended, high power, steep climbs. Monitoring the engine instruments to verify proper operation

Aircraft Systems Combustion Preignition occurs when the fuel/air mixture ignites prior to the engine’s normal ignition event.

Aircraft Systems Combustion Preignition causes the engine to lose power, and produces high operating temperature. As with detonation, preignition may also cause severe engine damage, because the expanding gases exert excessive pressure on the piston while still on its compression stroke.

Aircraft Systems Combustion Detonation and preignition often occur simultaneously and one may cause the other. It is often difficult to distinguish between the two.

Aircraft Systems Combustion Using the recommended grade of fuel and operating the engine within its proper temperature, pressure, and rpm ranges reduce the chance of detonation or preignition.

Questions / Comments

Class Summary Ignition Systems Carburetor heat is an anti-icing system that preheats the air before it reaches the carburetor, and is intended to keep the fuel/air mixture above the freezing temperature to prevent the formation of carburetor ice.

Class Summary Oil Systems In a fuel injection system, the fuel is injected directly into the cylinders, or just ahead of the intake valve.

Questions / Comments

Lesson Closure - 3 – List 3 things you learned today. 1. Create (1) quiz question with answer about today’s lesson. 2. List 2 things you have questions about today’s lesson.