How Congress Works Part 1:

Who’s in Congress?

Demographic Profile of Congress Source: Source: Religion: Christian (all den’ns): 90% Jewish: 6.8% Buddhist:.55% Muslim:.37% Atheist:.19% Undisclosed: 1.1%

House-Senate Differences HouseSenate 435 members; 2 yr terms100 members; 6 yr terms Of the peopleSomewhat removed from the people PassionateDeliberative More formal & impersonalMore informal & personal Always directly electedDirectly elected since 1913 Low turnoverModerate turnover Members policy specialistsMembers policy generalists Emphasizes tax & revenue policy Emphasizes foreign policy

House-Senate Differences HouseSenate Debate limited to 1 hour Unlimited debate unless cloture invoked (filibuster) Scheduling/rules controlled by majority party with powerful Rules Committee ( controls time of debate, amends., etc) Scheduling/rules agreed to by majority & minority leaders Rules committee allows or disallows amendments to bills Unlimited amendments to bills (even if they don’t apply at all) All spending bills must start in the house Approves executive appointments (judges, ambassadors) and treaties

2014 Senate

2014 House of Representatives

HOUSE LEADERSHIP Speaker (majority party) Republicans: Majority Leader Majority Whip Chairman of the Caucus Steering & Policy Committee Congressional Republican Campaign Committee Speaker of the House John Boehner(R-OH) Paul Ryan (R-MN) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy (R-CA) Majority Whip Steve Scalise (R-LA)

HOUSE LEADERSHIP Democrats: Minority Leader Minority Whip Chairman of Conference Policy Committee Committee on Committees Democratic National Congressional Committee Research Committee Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) Minority Whip Steny Hoyer (D -MD)

SENATE LEADERSHIP President of the Senate (Vice President) President Pro Tempore (majority party) Republicans: Majority Leader Majority Whip Chairman of Conference Policy Committee Steering Committee Republican Senatorial Campaign Committee Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) President Pro Temp Orrin Hatch (R-UT) Majority Whip John Cornyn (R-TX) President of the Senate Joe Biden (D - Delaware)

SENATE LEADERSHIP Democrats: Minority Leader Minority Whip Chairman of Conference Policy Committee Committee on Committees Democratic Senatorial Committee Minority Leader Harry Reid (D-NV) Minority Whip Dick Durban (D-IL)

Strength of Party Structure? Measure of party strength: 1.Ability of leaders to control party rules and organization 2.Extent to which party members vote together in the House and Senate Senate: less party-centered and leader oriented

Party Unity Lower today than 100 years ago, but…..Lower today than 100 years ago, but….. Ideology important variable explaining party voting (members vote with their party 80% of the time)Ideology important variable explaining party voting (members vote with their party 80% of the time) Party polarization - vote in which majority of democrats oppose majority of republicansParty polarization - vote in which majority of democrats oppose majority of republicans

Party Polarization over time

CAUCUSES

Groups (may be bipartisan) meeting to pursue common legislative objectives Rivals to parties in policy formulation Examples: Democratic Study Group, Congressional Black Caucus, Tuesday Lunch Bunch, Human Rights, Congressional Caucus for Women’s Issues, Out of Iraq Caucus, Rural Caucus, Travel & Tourism Caucus, House Caucus on Missing and Exploited Children

"Congress in session is Congress on public exhibition, whilst Congress in its committee- rooms is Congress at work.” - Woodrow Wilson

Legislative Committees: Function and Purpose

Legislative Committees: Function & Purpose 1. Consider bills (a.k.a. “mark-up” bills) A bill with a member’s mark-up notes

Legislative Committees: Function & Purpose 2. Maintain oversight of executive agencies Secretary Donald Rumsfeld testifies before a Senate Appropriations Committee hearing re: the Department of Defense Budget (May, 2006)

Legislative Committees: Function & Purpose 3. Conduct investigations New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin testified before the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee on Hurricane Katrina (Feb., 2006)

Types of Committees  Standing Committees - permanent panel with full legislative functions and oversight responsibilities Subcommittees – formed to tackle very specific tasks within the jurisdiction of the full committees  Select or Special Committees - groups appointed for a limited purpose and limited duration  Joint Committees - includes members of both chambers to conduct studies or perform housekeeping tasks  Conference Committee - includes members of House & Senate to work out differences between similar bills

Standing Committees

House Standing Committees Agriculture Appropriations Armed Services Budget Education & Workforce Energy & Commerce Financial Services Government Reform House Admin. International Relations Judiciary Resources Rules Science Small Business Standards of Official Conduct Transportation & Infrastructure Veterans Affairs Ways & Means

Senate Standing Committees Agriculture, Nutrition, & Forestry Appropriations Armed Services Banking, Housing, & Urban Affairs Budget Commerce, Science, Transportation Energy & Natural Resources Environment and Public Works Finance Foreign Relations Governmental Affairs Health, Education, Labor & Pensions Judiciary Rules and Administration Small Business and Entrepreneurship Veterans Affairs

Special, Select Committees House Select Committee on Energy Independence & Global Warming Senate Select Committee on Ethics House & Senate Select Committees on Intelligence Gen. Michael Hayden is sworn in during a full committee hearing of the Senate Select Intelligence Committee on his nomination to be director of the Central Intelligence Agency.

Joint Committees Joint Economic Committee Joint Committee on Printing Joint Committee on Taxation Joint Committee on Taxation hearing

Types of Committees  Standing Committees - permanent panel with full legislative functions and oversight responsibilities Subcommittees – formed to tackle very specific tasks within the jurisdiction of the full committees  Select or Special Committees - groups appointed for a limited purpose and limited duration  Joint Committees - includes members of both chambers to conduct studies or perform housekeeping tasks  Conference Committee - includes members of House & Senate to work out differences between similar bills

How A Bill Becomes Law Fact: About 5,000 bills are introduced in Congress every year, but only about 150 are signed into law. 1.Explain why so few bills become law. 2.Is that a good thing or a bad thing? 3. 3.Should the legislative process in Congress be reformed? If yes, what changes would you recommend? If not, why not? Source: Source: