Cisco 2 - Routers Perrine. J Page 112/19/2015 Chapter 8 TCP/IP Error Message Some of the conditions that must be met in order for host to host communication over an internetwork is: a default gateway must be properly configured on the hosts and local network intermediary devices, such as routers, must be present on the network and have knowledge of how to reach the destination network. the IP addresses of hosts must be in the same network or subnet as their respective gateway devices.

Cisco 2 - Routers Perrine. J Page 212/19/2015 Chapter 8 TCP/IP Error Message IP is an unreliable method for delivery of network data. It is a best effort delivery. Nothing in IP basic design allows it to notify the sender that a data transmission has failed. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is component of TCP/IP that addresses this basic limitation. NOTE: ICMP does not overcome the unreliability issues in IP reliability must be provided by upper layer protocols, if it is needed. ICMP is an error reporting protocol for IP.

Cisco 2 - Routers Perrine. J Page 312/19/2015 Chapter 8 TCP/IP Error Message If ICMP fails, it does not produce ICMP error messages. If a route is down, such as a serial connection between routers so that the destination network is unreachable, the router will send ICMP host unreachable message to the source. Hence when a router doesn’t have the information to a destination, it: sends ICMP message of designation unreachable drop the datagram

Cisco 2 - Routers Perrine. J Page 412/19/2015 Chapter 8 Test Reachability To test reachability, use the ping command. Ping sends echo request message to the destination. The destination responds with echo reply message. The messages are indicated in the type field (8 bits) of the ICMP message.

Cisco 2 - Routers Perrine. J Page 512/19/2015 Chapter 8 Excessively Long Routes To keep ICMP from route an infinite number of times it has a Time-To-Live (TTL) timer. The TTL value is defined by the routing protocol – RIP, hop count 15. As the ICMP goes through each router the TTL is decremented, and when it reaches zero, the datagram is discarded.

Cisco 2 - Routers Perrine. J Page 612/19/2015 Chapter 8 Echo Message All ICMP messages format start with these fields: type code checksum For ICMP echo request & echo reply, there are two unique fields: identifier sequence These two fields are used to match the echo request with the echo reply.

Cisco 2 - Routers Perrine. J Page 712/19/2015 Chapter 8 Unreachable Message If a packet can not reach it’s destination, then ICMP sends a destination unreachable message. The code value in the ICMP datagram is 0. Other reasons for destination unreachable are: packet fragmentation from Token Ring to Ethernet FTP or Web services are unavailable Some examples of code values: 0 = net unreachable 1 = host unreachable 2 = protocol unreachable 3 = port unreachable

Cisco 2 - Routers Perrine. J Page 812/19/2015 Chapter 8 Miscellaneous Error Reporting If there is an error in the header of a datagram, so it can’t be delivered to it’s destination, ICMP has a type value of 12; code value of 0, and a pointer field indicating the octet of the datagram that produced the error.

Cisco 2 - Routers Perrine. J Page 912/19/2015 Chapter 8 ICMP Control Messages Since IP has no built-in method to provide information or control messages why a datagram can’t be delivered, ICMP performs these functions. Unlike error messages, control messages are not the results of lost packets or error conditions which occur during packet transmission. Instead, they are used to inform hosts of conditions such as network congestion or the existence of a better gateway. Some examples of control messages are: 0 = echo reply 3 = destination unreachable 5 = redirect/change request 8 = echo request 11 = time exceeded 12 = parameter problem

Cisco 2 - Routers Perrine. J Page 1012/19/2015 Chapter 8 Control Messages Redirect/Change Request Redirect/Change request can only be initiated by a gateway. The gateway is the ethernet port address that a host uses to get to the network. In some cases the host has a ‘hard’ coded gateway. Gateway of the host is to RouterB. But the best route is to RouterA. RouterB will send a ICMP redirect to the host. That is, router will send the packet out the same interface that it was received on. RouterA RouterB

Cisco 2 - Routers Perrine. J Page 1112/19/2015 Chapter 8 Control Messages Redirect/Change Request To disable redirect messages on a router interface, do: RouterA(config-if)# no ip redirects

Cisco 2 - Routers Perrine. J Page 1212/19/2015 Chapter 8 Control Messages ICMP Time Stamp The TCP/IP protocol suite allows systems to connect over vast distances. Each individual networks might provide it’s own synchronization. If host are using software that requires time synchronization can cause troubles. ICMP timestamp request can be used. There is a timestamp request & reply. This ICMP message contain the originate, receive and transmit timestamps to calculate the correct timing. This is used to request the current time of the remote host, and gather information needed to estimate the transit time across the network. However, the Network Time Protocol (NTP) at the upper layers of the TCP/IP is a more reliable manner.

Cisco 2 - Routers Perrine. J Page 1312/19/2015 Chapter 8 Control Message Request & Reply ICMP request & reply messages are considered obsolete. Protocols such as BOOTP and DHCP now provide the service of providing a network number.

Cisco 2 - Routers Perrine. J Page 1412/19/2015 Chapter 8 Control Message Address Mask Request This ICMP message is replied to a host by a router. The reply contains the 32-bit mask for the subnet from which the request was received.

Cisco 2 - Routers Perrine. J Page 1512/19/2015 Chapter 8 Control Message Router- Discovery Message If a host is missing a default gateway, it can generate an ICMP router solicitation message. Message is sent via multicast. A local router will respond with the gateway address. The router discovery process begins when a host requires a default gateway IP address. The router advertisement & solicitation messages are used during the ICMP router discovery process.

Cisco 2 - Routers Perrine. J Page 1612/19/2015 Chapter 8 Congestion & Flow Control Messages If a host encounters congestion because of difference in bandwidth, an ICMP source-quench message can be sent to ask senders to reduce the rate at which they are transmitting traffic. Hence, the source-quench message a host can send the message a gateway may send the message message tells the sending device to slow down