BRAHMS Scanning the phases of QCD I. Arsene, I.G. Bearden, D. Beavis, C. Besliu, B. Budick, H. Bøggild, C. Chasman, C. H. Christensen, P. Christiansen,

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BRAHMS Scanning the phases of QCD I. Arsene, I.G. Bearden, D. Beavis, C. Besliu, B. Budick, H. Bøggild, C. Chasman, C. H. Christensen, P. Christiansen, J. Cibor, R. Debbe, E. Enger J. J. Gaardhøje, M. Germinario, K. Hagel, O. Hansen, A. Holme, A.K. Holme, H. Ito, A. Jipa, J.I. Jørdre, F. Jundt, C.E.Jørgensen, R. Karabowicz, E.J. Kim, T. Kozik, T.M. Larsen, J.H. Lee, Y. K.Lee, S. Linda, G. Løvhøjden, R. Lystad, Z. Majka, A. Makeev, M. Mikelsen, M. Murray, J. Natowitz, B. Neumann, B.S. Nielsen, K. Olchanski, D. Ouerdane, R.Planeta, F. Rami, C. Ristea, O. Ristea, D.Röhrich, B. H. Samset, D. Sandberg, S. J. Sanders, R.A.Sheetz, P. Staszel, T.S. Tveter, F.Videbæk, R. Wada,Z. Yin and I. S. Zgura Brookhaven, Strasbourg, Krakov, Johns Hopkins, NYU, Niels Bohr. Texas A&M, Bergen, Bucharest, Kansas, Oslo

Identifying high rapidity particles

Why study rapidity dependence? For AuAu we want to understand the limits of jet quenching?For AuAu we want to understand the limits of jet quenching? We also hope to understand the longitudinal dynamics of the source and measure the total energy loss, multiplicity strangeness etc.We also hope to understand the longitudinal dynamics of the source and measure the total energy loss, multiplicity strangeness etc. We may find that there is more than one source, i.e. different parts of the system lose causal contact.We may find that there is more than one source, i.e. different parts of the system lose causal contact. For dAu high rapidity allows us to study the Au nucleus with a faster probe x = e -y m T /  SFor dAu high rapidity allows us to study the Au nucleus with a faster probe x = e -y m T /  S

Particle Identification TIME-OF-FLIGHT Particle Separation: p max ( 2  cut)= TOFWTOF1 TOF2  / K 2  cut K / p 2 GeV/c 3 GeV/c 4.5 GeV/c 3.5 GeV/c 5.5 GeV/c 7.5 GeV/c RICH: Cherenkov light focused on spherical mirror  ring on image plane Ring radius vs momentum gives PID  / K separation 20 GeV/c Proton ID up to 35 GeV/c CHERENKOV (2 settings)

A possible time line for Au+Au collisions. This curve itself is a function of rapidity. dAu at forward rapidity Hi P T Chemistry, Multiplicity, Fluctuations Transverse Flow Coalescence This talk will try to run time backwards Phys. Today 10/03 McLarren+Ludlum Jet Quenchng

What questions can we attack? How much energy is available for particles?How much energy is available for particles? How many particles?How many particles? What is the volume?What is the volume? How do particles flow in the transverse & longitudinal direction?How do particles flow in the transverse & longitudinal direction? What is the chemistry of the system? What is the rapidity dependence jet quenching What is the nature of the Au wave function at small Feynman x?

Spectra vs. Pt and rapidity PTPT D. Ouerdane Hadron Spec. Thursday AuAu 10% Central

Spectra vs. Rapidity

Where do the protons go? 25  1 TeV is liberated for particle production Rapidity Loss Beam Rapidity BRAHMS: nucl-ex/ “Nuclear stopping in Au+Au collisions at  S NN = 200 GeV” Similar effect for pA, see Buzza et al ARNS dN dy

What can you buy for 25TeV? +-  K P8585 Integrating the energy seen in , k & P and estimating other particles gives 25  5 TeV AuAu 5%

dAu Multiplicity Data show peaks at  =-1.9 and  =+1.1. In Au and d regions dN/d  scales with the number of beam participants. HIJING, & AMPT do well. Saturation model has problems.

dAu dN/d  v √S H. Ito Poster Spectra 18 Spectra 18 : Gold Frame Deuteron Frame AuAu NA35 √S NN =20GeV BRAHMS √S NN =200GeV

Coalescence vs. Rapidity Compare p, d at same velocityCompare p, d at same velocity Deuterons coalescence from nearby nucleonsDeuterons coalescence from nearby nucleons B 2 = d/p 2B 2 = d/p 2 B 2  1/volumeB 2  1/volume Gemanio + Bearden Poster S27 BRAHMS preliminary x10

Flow vs. Centrality Fit AuAu spectra to blast wave model:  S (surface velocity) drops with dN/d   S (surface velocity) drops with dN/d  T (temperature) almost constant.T (temperature) almost constant. T Blue y=0 Red y=1 E.J. Kim Poster Spectra 19 T p T (GeV/c) 1 and 3  contours y= 0

Flow vs. Rapidity SS Flow parameters have a stronger dependence on rapidity than on centrality  drops and T rises as y increases

Landau hydrodynamics along beam axis Isentropic expansion driven by equation of stateIsentropic expansion driven by equation of state Mass-less particlesMass-less particles Pt and rapidity factorizePt and rapidity factorize Assumptions: Implications: dN/dy Gaussian  = log (√S NN /2m p ) ≈ log (  beam ) Model consistent with “limiting fragmentation”

Chemical analysis vs. rapidity 4π result Assume that at each rapidity we have zero net strangeness. Fit data to Becattini model. The system may have fewer degrees of freedom at high rapidity J.I Jørdre, Poster Strange 15 1  contour

Particle ratios in pp vs. AuAu pbar/p higher than AuAu while k - /k + and  - /  + are lower in pp Conservation of isospin and strangeness more important for pp. Stopping different. B. H. Samset Poster Spec. 34 BRAHMS Preliminary

Rapidity dependence of jet quenching R AuAu < 1 for central collisionsR AuAu < 1 for central collisions R AuAu at  =0 and  =2.2 are similarR AuAu at  =0 and  =2.2 are similar BRAHMS: PRL (2003).

R AuAu for π - at  =2.2 pp reference built from PHENIX π 0 at y=0 and Pythia p T (GeV/c) C.E. Jørgensen Poster High p T 16 BRAHMS preliminary

Ratios: anti-protons to pions Z. Yin Tuesday High p T parallel

Deep inelastic scattering at HERA Gluon Density Momentum Fraction x HERA measures the density of gluons as a function of the momentum transfer Q and the gluon’s momentum fraction x. For small x there is a universal density function D = D (x, Q/Q S ) Q S is the saturation scale below which gluons fuse.

Look at a nucleus at high speed Take the normalized ratio of dAu and pp spectra R. Debbe Tuesday morning

Moving Forward Keep pushing to higher p T and rapidity with more data and better particle identification.Keep pushing to higher p T and rapidity with more data and better particle identification. Add reaction plane as another “axis” to each measurement.Add reaction plane as another “axis” to each measurement. Extend coalescence to higher rapidityExtend coalescence to higher rapidity Get more data for dAu (and Au - d) ASAPGet more data for dAu (and Au - d) ASAP Design new experiment for forward region.Design new experiment for forward region.

What has rapidity taught us?  E = 25  1 TeV in AuAu, broken scaling.  E = 25  1 TeV in AuAu, broken scaling. dAu multiplicity follows beam participant scalingdAu multiplicity follows beam participant scaling Landau hydrodynamics gives rough rapidity dependence of particle production.Landau hydrodynamics gives rough rapidity dependence of particle production. Chemical + kinetic temperatures increase slightly with y, maybe fewer degrees of freedom.Chemical + kinetic temperatures increase slightly with y, maybe fewer degrees of freedom. Jet quenching persists at least to  = 2.2.Jet quenching persists at least to  = 2.2. R dAu at y:0 => 3 suggests gluon saturation.R dAu at y:0 => 3 suggests gluon saturation.

Backups

Systematics of thermal fits