Chapter 3 Introduction to Classes and Objects Definitions Examples

Definitions Object – instance of a class Objects have attributes and behaviors Attributes – data Behaviors – methods or operations

Definitions Encapsulation – combining attributes and methods into one group (object) Information hiding – Implementation details are hidden within the objects themselves Abstraction – another term for information hiding

Definition Default package – set of classes that are compiled in the same directory on disk. We say that all such classes are considered to be in the same package Classes in the same package are implicitly imported into the source code files of other classes in the same package. Import is not required when one class in a package uses another class in the same package.

Definitions Java classes contain – Methods – implement operations – Fields – implement attributes Accessor methods – Methods that allows access to internal data fields Example: getInterestRate() //method name generally starts with “get” //highly recommended that it starts with “get”

Definitions Mutator methods – methods that change values in data fields Example: setInterestRate (double x) //method name generally starts with “set” //highly recommended that mutator methods start //with “set”

Variables Local variables – Variables declared in the body of a particular method Fields – Variables declared inside a class declaration but outside the bodies of the class’s method declarations – Also known as instance variables (if not static)

Fields – instance variables Can be declared as public, private, protected, default Generally should be declared as private to promote data hiding Methods generally declared as public

Example class (Circle.java) public class Circle { private double radius = 1.0;//field double findArea() { return radius * radius * ; }

Declaring a reference to an object and creating an object Declaration: Classname objectReference; Circle myCircle; //myCircle is a reference to a Circle //object Create a Circle object myCircle = new Circle(); Declare and create Circle myCircle = new Circle();

Circle Class CircleClass.java CircleProgram.java

Constructors Method with the same name as the class Allows construction of objects with different initial data values – initializes object Do not have a return type Invoked using the new operator Circle (double r)Circle (){ radius = r;radius = 1;}

Constructors Default constructor – Constructor with no parameters If your class has no constructors, Java will automatically create a default constructor If your class has a constructor, Java will not create a default constructor You should include default constructors in your class.

Instance Variables Normally should be initialized in constructors Alternative: Initialize when declarations are made If instance variables are initialized in the declaration and you have constructors --- Be sure to define a default constructor even if the body of the default constructor is empty. The following: AClass anObject = new AClass(); is illegal if no default constructor but other constructors exist.

AClass anObject = new AClass(); public class AClass { private int value = 1; public AClass (int x) { value = x; } public void setValue(int x) { value = x; } public int getValue() { return value; }

Static Methods – methods that do not require a calling object Uses the keyword static in method heading You cannot do anything inside a static method that refers to a calling object – You cannot access instance variables from inside a static method You cannot call a non-static method inside a static method )unless you first create a new object and use it as the calling object) You can invoke a static method with an object – Confusing and is not normally done.

Method Syntax [access specifier] [qualifier] return type method name (argument list)

Access Specifiers – protecting class variables and methods SpecifierClassSubclassPackageWorld PrivateX ProtectedXXX PublicXXXX Package (default) XX

Static Variables Static variables belong to the class as a whole and not just to one object – private static int turn; Used to communicate between objects One object can change the static variable and another object can read that change Should normally be declared as private (unless declared as constants)

Final Instance Variables Keyword final is used to specify that a variable is not modifiable (it is a constant) private final int INCREMENT = 5; Use all caps when denoting constants

Method arguments All arguments are pass by value – methods always receive a copy of the argument If argument is an object reference (different story)

Class methods – static methods Example – Integer.parseInt(s); – main (String args[]) An instance of the class is not necessary to access the static method Static methods can only call static methods and can only access static variables Method is usable by any code that has access to the method – regardless of whether any objects of the class have been created.