PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 5 The Skeletal System

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Skeletal System  Parts of the skeletal system  _______ (skeleton)  ____________  Two subdivisions of the skeleton  ________ skeleton  ________________ skeleton

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions of Bones  __________ the body  Protect soft organs  Allow _________ due to attached _________ muscles  Store ___________ and _____  ________ cell formation = HEMATOPOESIS

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Human Body  The adult skeleton has ______ bones  Two basic types of bone tissue  ___________ bone  Homogeneous  _______________  _________ bone  Small needle-like pieces of bone  Many open spaces Figure 5.2b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones  _________ ______  Typically longer than they are wide  Have a shaft with heads at both ends  Contain mostly __________ bone  Example :  ___________  All longs bones are not “long”

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Figure 5.1a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones  _________ _______  Generally cube-shape  Contain mostly __________ bone  Example :  ________

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Figure 5.1b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones  Flat bones  Thin, flattened, and usually curved  Two thin layers of _________ bone surround a layer of ________ bone  Example :  ________  _________  __________

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Figure 5.1c

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones  Irregular bones  ___________ shape  Do not fit into other bone classification categories  Example :  ___________  _____ _________

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Figure 5.1d

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone  ____________  Shaft  Composed of _________ bone  ____________  Ends of the bone  Composed mostly of _________ bone

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Figure 5.2a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone  ____________  Outside covering of the __________  _________ connective tissue membrane  ___________ ________  Secure periosteum to underlying bone  Arteries  Supply bone cells with nutrients

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Figure 5.2c

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone  ___________ cartilage  Covers the external surface of the __________  Made of ________ cartilage  Decreases _________ at joint surfaces

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone  Epiphyseal ______  Flat plate of _________ cartilage seen in young, growing bone  Epiphyseal ______  Remnant of the epiphyseal plate  Seen in ________ bones

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Figure 5.2a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone  ___________ cavity  Cavity inside of the shaft  Contains _________ marrow (mostly ____) in adults  Contains _____ marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Figure 5.2a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Markings  Surface features of bones  Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments  Passages for nerves and blood vessels  Categories of bone markings  Projections or processes—grow out from the bone surface  Depressions or cavities—indentations

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Markings Table 5.1 (1 of 2)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Markings Table 5.1 (2 of 2)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone  Osteon (_____________ system)  A ______of bone containing _______ ______and _______ rings  _________ (___________) canal  Opening in the center of an _________  Carries _________ _________and nerves  Perforating (___________) canal  Canal ____________ to the central canal  Carries blood vessels and nerves

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Figure 5.3a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone  __________  Cavities containing bone cells (_________)  Arranged in concentric rings  __________  Rings around the central canal  Sites of __________

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Figure 5.3b–c

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone  ___________  Tiny canals  Radiate from the ________ _______ to __________  Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Figure 5.3b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formation of the Human Skeleton  In embryos, the skeleton is primarily __________ cartilage  During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone  Cartilage remains in isolated areas  ______________________  Parts of ______  __________

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Growth (____________)  Epiphyseal plates allow for lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood  New cartilage is continuously formed  Older cartilage becomes ossified  Cartilage is broken down  Enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a __________ cavity  Bone replaces cartilage through the action of ____________

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Growth (____________)  Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops  Bones are remodeled in response to two factors  ________ __________ _________  Pull of _________ and __________ on the skeleton  Bones grow in width (called ____________ growth)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4a Bone starting to replace cartilage Epiphyseal plate cartilage Articular cartilage Spongy bone In a childIn a fetusIn an embryo New bone forming Growth in bone width Growth in bone length Epiphyseal plate cartilage New bone forming Blood vessels Hyaline cartilage New center of bone growth Medullary cavity Bone collar Hyaline cartilage model (a)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4a, step 1 Bone starting to replace cartilage In an embryo Bone collar Hyaline cartilage model (a)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4a, step 2 Bone starting to replace cartilage In a fetusIn an embryo Growth in bone length Blood vessels Hyaline cartilage New center of bone growth Medullary cavity Bone collar Hyaline cartilage model (a)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4a, step 3 Bone starting to replace cartilage Epiphyseal plate cartilage Articular cartilage Spongy bone In a childIn a fetusIn an embryo New bone forming Growth in bone width Growth in bone length Epiphyseal plate cartilage New bone forming Blood vessels Hyaline cartilage New center of bone growth Medullary cavity Bone collar Hyaline cartilage model (a)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Bone Cells  _____________—mature bone cells  _____________—bone-forming cells  _____________—bone-destroying cells  Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of __________ in response to _____________ hormone  Bone remodeling is performed by both ____________ and _____________