By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY and Ms. Snyder of CCHS

The “Little Ice Age”:

Medieval or Traditional Society Farming During the Middle Ages Disadvantages Some Forces of Change

Village Farming

Feudal Common Field System

“Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Elder (1568)

“Summer” by Pieter van der Heyden (1570)

“Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Younger (1622)

17c European Agrarians

Dutch Vegetable Market

Agricultural Revolution Enclosure Movement

Enclosure Riots

The Diggers

“Enclosed” Lands Today

Crop Rotation Wheat Turnips Alfalfa/Clover Oats/Barley

Crop Rotation Wheat Turnips Alfalfa/Clover Oats/Barley

RESULTS CYCLICAL EFFECT: SHIFT POWER BALANCE:

18c Population Growth Rate

Population Takeoff in Europe

Cottage Industries and Early Capitalism

Cottage Industries: aka The “Putting-Out” System or the Domestic System

Cottage Industries:

The Textile Industry and Factory System

Textile Industry Invented 1.New Inventions

Spinning Yarn Spinning Yarn Before

“Spinning Jenny” James Hargreaves (1767) “Spinning Jenny” James Hargreaves (1767) After

Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System” The Water Frame

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

The Power Loom Edmund Cartwright (1785)

Jacquard’s Loom

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

The Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney (1793)

Textile Industry Invented 2.Rise of the Factories Machines became larger, faster, more expensive, and needed more power Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor]. Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.

Early Factories were nice places to work. People cooked and lived together in employee communities and their children went to community schools. Bosses knew their employees personally. The Mills at Lanmark

Later Factories were bigger, harsher places. Bosses did not know their employees, did not care about them and could always hire someone else. Manchester Factory Building

3. Effects of the textile factories in Britain looms 2400 looms 250,000 HL 150, 000 workers 150, 000 workers , 000 looms 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers 200, 000 workers , 000 looms 40,000 HL >1 million workers ,000 HL

Textile Factory Workers in England

The Factory System Rigid schedule hour day. Dangerous conditions. Mind-numbing monotony.

A Woosted Mill in Bedworth, England, 1800

CHANGES IN TRANSPORTATION

James Watt’s Steam Engine

Steam Tractor

Steam Ship (1776)

The Steam Locomotive Richard Trevithick The London Steam Carriage

Richard Trevithick continued… 1804 Locomotive “Catch-Me-Who-Can” 1808

An Early Steam Locomotive

Later Locomotives

The Impact of the Railroad

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display

Crystal Palace: American Pavilion

19 c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Age of WorkerMale WagesFemale Wages under 112s 3d.2s. 4d s. 1d.4s. 3d s. 2d.7s. 3d s. 2d.8s. 5d s. 4d.8s. 7d s. 8d.8s. 9d s. 7d.9s. 8d s. 3d.9s. 3d s. 7d.8s. 10d s. 4d.8s. 4d s. 6d.6s. 4d.

Industrial Staffordshire

The New Industrial City

Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

The New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

The Luddites: Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest] Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

The Luddite Triangle

The Luddites

The Neo-Luddites Today

British Soldiers Fire on British Workers: Let us die like men, and not be sold like slaves! Peterloo Massacre, 1819

The Chartists Key Chartist settlements Centres of Chartism Area of plug riots, 1842

The “Peoples’ Charter”  Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.  Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of Votes for all men. Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners. Payment for Members of Parliament. Annual general elections. The secret ballot.

The Chartists A physical force— Chartists arming for the fight. A female Chartist

Anti-Corn Law League, 1845  Give manufactures more outlets for their products.  Expand employment.  Lower the price of bread.  Make British agriculture more efficient and productive.  Expose trade and agriculture to foreign competition.  Promote international peace through trade contact.

Thomas Malthus  Population growth will outpace the food supply.  War, disease, or famine could control population.  The poor should have less children.  Food supply will then keep up with population.

David Ricardo  “ Iron Law of Wages.”  When wages are high, workers have more children.  More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.

The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill  The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.  There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists  People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals.  Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.  Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte

The Enclosure Movement

British Raw Materials

18c British Port

The Growth of England’s Foreign Trade in the 18c

18c English “Nouveau Riche”: The Capitalist Entrepreneur

Government Response Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain]. Sadler Commission to look into working conditions * Factory Act [1833] – child labor. New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. * Poor houses. Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.

French Economic Disadvantages  Years of war  Supported the American Revolution.  French Revolution.  Early 19c  Napoleonic Wars  Heavy debts.  High unemployment  soldiers returning from the battlefronts.  French businessmen were afraid to take risks.

By 1850: Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent Northeast France. Belgium. The Netherlands. Western German states. Northern Italy East Germany  Saxony

Industrialization By 1850

Railroads on the Continent

European Industrial Production

Shares in World Trade: Leading European Nations

Industry & Population: 18c Europe

European Urbanization

The Politics of Industrialization  State ownership of some industries.  RRs  Belgium & most of Germany.  Tariffs  British Corn Laws.  National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing bank notes.  Bank of England.  Bank of France.  Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets.  New legislation to:  Establish limited liability.  Create rules for the formation of corporations.  Postal system.  Free trade zones  Ger. Zollverein

Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets. New legislation to: Establish limited liability. Create rules for the formation of corporations. Postal system. Free trade zones  Ger. Zollverein

Bibliographic Sources  “Images of the Industrial Revolution.” Mt. Holyoke College. ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html  “The Peel Web: A Web of English History.” eight/primary.htm