The cell review

Cell membrane Structure Phospholipids

Cell membrane Proteins Transport Enzymes Cell recognition Receptors Joining Cytoskeleton

Fig. 7-7 Fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM) Glyco- protein Microfilaments of cytoskeleton Cholesterol Peripheral proteins Integral protein CYTOPLASMIC SIDE OF MEMBRANE Glycolipid EXTRACELLULAR SIDE OF MEMBRANE Carbohydrate

Transport Passive Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Bulk transport Pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated Active

Concentrations Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic

Fig Hypotonic solution (a ) Animal cell (b ) Plant cell H2OH2O Lysed H2OH2O Turgid (normal) H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O Normal Isotonic solution Flaccid H2OH2O H2OH2O Shriveled Plasmolyzed Hypertonic solution

Lower concentration of solute (sugar) Fig H2OH2O Higher concentration of sugar Selectively permeable membrane Same concentration of sugar Osmosis

Cell signaling Direct contact Local Long distance

Cell signaling Reception Transduction Response

Fig EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane CYTOPLASM Receptor Signaling molecule Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway Activation of cellular response TransductionResponse 2 3 Reception 1

Ligand Intracellular receptors Ion channels G-protein Tyrosine Kinases

Transduction Protein kinases Protein phosphatases Second messengers cAMP Adenylyl cyclase Calcium Phospholipase C IP 3

Fig Growth factor Receptor Phosphorylatio n cascade Reception Transduction Active transcription factor Response P Inactive transcription factor CYTOPLASM DNA NUCLEUS mRNA Gene

Fig Reception Transduction Response Binding of epinephrine to G protein-coupled receptor (1 molecule) Inactive G protein Active G protein (10 2 molecules) Inactive adenylyl cyclase Active adenylyl cyclase (10 2 ) ATP Cyclic AMP (10 4 ) Inactive protein kinase A Active protein kinase A (10 4 ) Inactive phosphorylase kinase Active phosphorylase kinase (10 5 ) Inactive glycogen phosphorylase Active glycogen phosphorylase (10 6 ) Glycogen Glucose-1-phosphate (10 8 molecules)