B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

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Presentation transcript:

B URNS الحروق

O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness, and full-thickness burns. Calculate the extent of burns using the Rule of Nines. Describe appropriate burn management. Explain how to assess the severity of burns (minor, moderate, major, and severe).

D EFINITION OF B URNS : Burns are wounds caused by excessive exposure to four categories of agents: 1. Thermal 2. Electrical 3. Chemical 4. Radioactive

S EVERITY OF B URNS شدة الحروق : The severity of the skin injury depends upon: the burning agent مسبب الحرق, the size of the burn wound حجم الحرق, depth of the burn wound عمق الحرق, part of the body injured الجزء المحروق من الجسم, temperature of the burning agent حرارة مسبب الحرق, how long a person is in contact with the burning agent مدة تعرض الشخص لمسبب الحرق.

P ATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF B URNS الفسيولوجيا المرضية للحروق : Burns cause the capillaries in the damaged area to dilate تتوسّع, resulting in capillary hyper-permeability زيادة نفاذية الشعيرات. The capillary hyper-permeability causes the plasma to move out of the cells into the surrounding tissues, resulting in edema وذمة and vesiculation (blistering) فقاعات مائية. The larger the burned area, the greater the plasma loss. كلما زادت مساحة الحرق، زاد الفاقد من البلازما The plasma loss from the intravascular area to the interstitial areas poses the greatest threat to life, because the cells become dehydrated. The blood pressure drops, and blood flow to the kidneys is decreased → hypovolemic shock.

C LASSIFICATION OF B URNS BY D EPTH

حروق الدرجة الثانية ( متوسطة ) حروق الدرجة الأولى ( سطحية ) حروق الدرجة الثالثة ( عميقة ) Involves only the epidermis Involves all the epidermis and much of the dermis. Involves the entire epidermis and entire dermis down to the deeper contents. No Edema Blanches with Pressure

ترجمة للغة العربية لما تم شرحه باللغة الانجليزية ( يمكن الإستفادة منه إن دعت الحاجة ) حروق الدرجة الأولى ( سطحية ) First Degree Burns و هي حروق سطحية ولا تتعدى طبقة الجلد الخارجية ( البشرة ). تظهر على هيئة احمرار في الجلد مع تورم بسيط ويكون مؤلماً. تتميز الدرجة الأولى من الحروق بسرعة التئام الجلد. لا تترك آثارا على الجلد إذا تم تقديم الإسعافات الأولية بشكل سريع و لم تتكون فقاعات. من أسبابها التعرض الشديد لحرارة الشمس وملامسة أدوات الطبخ الساخنة. حروق الدرجة الثانية ( متوسطة ) Second Degree Burns هي حروق متوسطة العمق، والضرر يحصل لطبقة الجلد الخارجية ( البشرة ) وجزء من الطبقة الداخلية ( الأدمة ) من الجلد. تتميز بظهور الفقاعات المائية حول الحرق على الجلد واحمرار وآلام شديدة. تتميز بترك آثار على الجلد بعد العلاج والشفاء. إذا ازدادت مساحة الحرق عن 20% فقد يودي الحرق بحياة الشخص إن لم يتم علاجه. من أسبابها التعرض للسوائل الساخنة والأبخرة.

حروق الدرجة الثالثة ( عميقة ) Third Degree Burns و هي حروق عميقة، والضرر يحصل لكامل طبقتي البشرة والأدمة و تشمل الأعصاب، العضلات والأوعية. وقد يشمل جزء من طبقة ما تحت الأدمة بحيث يلاحظ أحياناً أن الحرق قد وصل للدهون، العضلات والعظام. يكون مكان الحرق غير مؤلم. وعليه، يتم اختبار العمق باختبار الوخز، حيث يوخز المريض فإذا شعر بألم يعتبر الحرق من الدرجة الأولى أو الثانية أما إذا لم يشعر بألم فيعتبر من الدرجة الثالثة وذلك لأن نهايات الأعصاب قد تم تخريبها بسبب الحروق. وكلما زاد عمق الحرق زادت خطورته. يتآكل جزء من الأنسجة في الجلد ويكون في أغلب الحالات الجلد مصفراً وشمعياً ومتنفخاً و أحيانا يميل للون الأسود في بعض الحالات، و قد تحدث الصدمة. هذه الحروق قد تؤدي إلى الوفاة والإعاقة والتشوهات. و من أسبابها التعرض للنار أو للصدمة الكهربائية. ترجمة للغة العربية لما تم شرحه باللغة الانجليزية ( يمكن الإستفادة منه إن دعت الحاجة )

S UPERFICIAL B URN (1 ST D EGREE B URN )

P ARTIAL –T HICKNESS B URN (2 ND D EGREE B URN )

F ULL -T HICKNESS B URN (3 RD D EGREE B URN )

A SSESSMENT OF A REA OF B URN تقييم مساحة الحرق : This is done using the "rule of nines" قاعدة التسعات. The body is divided up into eleven areas, each representing 9% of the total body surface. Body AreaPercentage of Burn (in Adults) Head and Neck 9% Anterior Trunk منطقة الجذع الأمامية 18% Posterior Trunk منطقة الجذع الخلفية 18% Rt. Upper Extremity 9% Lt. Upper Extremity 9% Rt. Lower Extremity 18% Lt. Lower Extremity 18% External Genitalia and Perineum منطقة الاعضاء التناسلية والشرج 1%

E STIMATING B URNS IN A DULTS – R ULE OF N INES

E MERGENCY C ARE OF S UPERFICIAL B URN (1 ST D EGREE B URN ) Cooling : If the skin is not broken, run cool water over the burned area or soak it in a cool water bath. Keep the area in the bath for five (5) minutes. If the burn occurred in a cold environment, DO NOT apply water. A clean, cold, wet towel will also help reduce pain. Reassurance تطمين : Burns can be extremely painful, reassure the victim and keep them calm. Sterilization تعقيم : After flushing or soaking the burn for several minutes, cover the burn with a sterile non-adhesive bandage or clean cloth.

Protection حماية : Protect the burn from friction and pressure. Medications أدوية : Over-the-counter pain medications may be used to help relieve pain; they may also help reduce inflammation and swelling. Follow-up متابعة : Minor burns will usually heal without further treatment.

E MERGENCY C ARE FOR S EVERE B URNS (2 ND D EGREE AND 3 RD D EGREE B URNS ) DO NOT remove burnt clothing (unless it comes off easily), but do ensure that the victim is not in contact with burning or smoldering materials أية مواد مشتعلة. Make sure the victim is breathing. If breathing has stopped or the victim's airway is blocked then open the airway and if necessary begin CPR. Cover the burn with a moist sterile bandage or clean cloth. DO NOT apply any ointments لا تضع مراهم Avoid breaking blisters لا تفتح فقاعات الماء.

If fingers or toes have been burned, separate them with dry sterile, non-adhesive dressings. Elevate the burned area and protect it from pressure or friction. Take steps to prevent shock. Lay the victim flat and elevate the feet about 12 inches. Cover the victim with a coat or blanket. Continue to monitor the victim's vital signs (mainly: breathing, pulse, blood pressure).

E MERGENCY C ARE OF E LECTRICAL B URNS I NJURIES

Activate EMS, take standard precautions. Make certain that you and the victim are in a SAFE ZONE. Do not touch vehicle if downed wire is touching it. لا تلمس السيارة إذا كانت تلامس سلك كهرباء متدلي Instruct victim to jump from the vehicle if it catches fire. أخبر المصاب أن يقفز من السيارة في حال اشتعلت Ensure electrical equipment is unplugged. أزل سلك الكهرباء عن جهاز الكهرباء الذي سبب الحرق Shut down power if victim is found in a pool. أطفئ الكهرباء من المقبس الرئيسي إن كان المصاب واقع في بركة ماء ( حوض سباحة ) If electrical item is in a bath tub with victim, unplug device before reaching for victim. إذا كان الجهاز الذي سبب الحرق مع المصاب في حوض الاستحمام، أزل سلك كهرباء الجهاز من نقطة الكهرباء في الجدار قبل مساعدة المصاب

Provide basic cardiac life support as required. Care for shock and administer high– concentration oxygen if available. Care for spine injuries, head injuries and severe fractures (the victim may have been thrown by a high–voltage current). Evaluate electrical burns. Cool the burn areas and smoldering clothing the same as you would for a flame burn. Apply dry dressing to the burn sites. Transport as soon as possible.

E MERGENCY C ARE OF C HEMICAL B URNS I NJURIES

Chemicals continue to burn as long as in contact with body. Difficult to assess depth and severity. Chemical burns are critical; treat immediately.

Activate EMS, take standard precautions. Brush off all powder. Remove clothing, shoes, stockings, and jewelry. Flush with water for at least 20 minutes (or until EMS arrives). When finished flushing, cover burned area with dry sterile dressing.

G UIDE TO B URN M ANAGEMENT B ASED ON S EVERITY AS DETERMINED BY TOTAL BODY SURFACE AREA (TBSA) THAT HAS BEEN BURNED

Burns can be classified according to the total body surface area (TBSA) that is involved: Minor Burns involve at least 10% of TBSA Moderate Burns involve 11% to 20% of TBSA Major Burns involve > 20% to 60% of TBSA Severe Burns involve > 60% of TBSA

WHEN THE VICTIM IS R EFERRED TO THE BURNS UNIT? متى يتم تحويل المصاب لوحدة الحروق In Adults: Partial thickness burns > 10% TBSA. Full thickness burns > 5% TBSA. In children: Partial thickness burns > 5 % TBSA. Full thickness burns > 5% TBSA. Priority areas are involved (face/neck, hands, feet, perineum منطقة العجان, genitalia أعضاء تناسلية, and major joints.)

WHEN THE VICTIM IS R EFERRED TO THE BURNS UNIT? متى يتم تحويل المصاب لوحدة الحروق Burns caused by chemical or electricity (including lightning صاعقة كهربائية ( نتيجة البرق )). Any circumferential محيطي burn. Burns with concomitant trauma إصابات مصاحبة or preexisting medical conditions أمراض سابقة باطنية. Burns with associated inhalation injury إصابة استنشاق. Pregnancy with cutaneous burns.