a SHREW

SYMBIOSIS Two species living together in close association. (Also called “symbiotic relationships”)

3 TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS 1. PARASITISM 2. COMMENSALISM 3. MUTUALISM

What happens in the relationship for the different kinds of symbiosis? Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism one organism benefits one organism is unaffected +,0 one organism benefits one organism is harmed +,- both organisms benefit +,+

PARASITISM A symbiotic relationship where the organism lives in or on their host and does harm to their general well being, sometimes parasites are fatal. The parasite benefits, the host does not.

Ticks

LEECHES

Taenia worm in human eye Worm infects human blood stream Human may go blind Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed

Parasitic Marine Isopods Some Marine Isopods attach themselves to fish like ticks and suck blood from their hosts. Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed

mistletoe

Rafflesia Rafflesia sp., the world’s largest flower, lives off of tropical vines in tropical South-east Asian rainforests. It lacks leaves, roots, and shoots.

Strangler Fig

MUTUALISM A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit from the relationship.

Mutualism: both benefit Moray Eel with Cleaner Fish Moray Eel gets a clean mouth Cleaner Fish gets a meal Mutualism: both benefit

Mutualism: both benefit Antelope with Oxbird Antelope gets rid of parasites Oxbird gets a meal Mutualism: both benefit

Pollinators and Pollinatees

Lichens

Corals & Zooxanthellae

Trichonympha protozoan (a flagellate) that lives in the termite gut.

mycorrhizal fungi extending from a plant's roots illustrate this symbiotic relationship, dramatically increasing a plant's ability to collect moisture and nutrients

COMMENSALISM A symbiotic relationship where one species benefits, the other is not affected positively or negatively.

Birds nesting in a tree

Cattle with cattle egrets Cattle stir up insects as they eat grass Egrets hang around and eat insects Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected

Neotropical Antbirds Antbirds follow army ants as they travel across the jungle flow stirring up insects. The birds swoop down and eat the bugs that are ‘escaping’ the ants.

Certain species of millipede and silverfish inhabit the nests of army ants and live by scavenging on the refuse of their hosts, but without affecting the ants.

Clown fish with anemone Clown fish gets protection Anemone is unaffected- some argue that the anemone does have a benefit Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected or Mutualism: both benefit

Epiphytes

leopard shark with a remora

Hermit Crab