1 Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences Lecture 42

2 Office Hour Invitations February 1 st, 1:30-2:30, Kenny

3 Sexuality and Education: 3. Do males and females perform similarly in school? 2. Are there sex differences in sexual satisfaction? 1. Are there sex differences in sexual behaviour? (continued)

4 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 2. identify sex similarities and differences in sexual satisfaction and dysfunction. 4. describe contemporary trends in educational attainment for the sexes. 1. review explanations for and criticisms of “female erotic plasticity.” 3. discuss the relationship between gender equality and sexual satisfaction among females and males.

5 How can we explain the higher levels of erotic plasticity reported among females than males? Are there sex differences in sexual behaviour? (continued)

6 Are there sex differences in sexual satisfaction? Research suggests small sex differences in sexual satisfaction: d=.17 (Peterson & Hyde, 2010).

7 Laumann et al. (2006) assessed sexual satisfaction among 27,000 participants in 29 countries (e.g., Algeria, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Egypt, France, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, South Africa, US). Found that sexual satisfaction is greater in cultures with gender-equal regimes than “male-centered” regimes:

8 Percentage of Respondents Reporting Satisfaction in their Sexual Relationships: Gender-Equal Regimes (Laumann et al., 2006) Percentage

9 Percentage of Respondents Reporting Satisfaction in their Sexual Relationships: Male-Centered Regimes (Laumann et al., 2006) Percentage

10 More females (43%) than males (31%) report experiencing sexual dysfunction (Laumann et al., 1999). How can we explain the higher levels of sexual satisfaction in cultures with gender-equal regimes than cultures with male-centered regimes?

11 Males: low sexual desire (5%); premature ejaculation (21%); erectile dysfunction (5%). Females: low sexual desire (22%); sexual arousal problems (14%); sexual pain (7%); orgasmic disorder (10-25%). Among the most common sexual dysfunctions are (Etaugh & Bridges, 2010; Laumann et al., 1999):

12 Do males and females perform similarly in school? Prior to the 1980s, males outperformed females in school. Today, however, females outperform males in school:

13 High School Grade Point Average by Sex, (US Department of Education, 2007) GPA

14 High School Drop Out Rates by Sex, (Statistics Canada, 2005) Thousands

15 University Enrollment by Sex, (Statistics Canada, 2009) Thousands

16 Number of Undergraduate Degrees Granted by Sex, (Statistics Canada, 2008) Thousands

17 Number of Graduate Degrees Granted by Sex, (Statistics Canada, 2008)* Thousands * Master’s and doctorate degrees combined; more females than males earn master’s degrees; more males than females earn doctorate degrees.

18 Percentage of Year Olds in the Labour Force with a University Degree by Sex, (Statistics Canada, 2007) Percentage with University Degree

19 Percentage of Year Olds with a University Degree by Sex and Ethnicity, (US Department of Education, 2007) Percentage with University Degree 19

20 Major Field of StudyNumber of Females (Thousands) Number of Males (Thousands) Education, recreational and counselling services Fine and applied arts7741 Humanities Social sciences Agricultural, biological, nutritional and food sciences10797 Health professions Commerce, management and business administration Applied science technologies and trades39 Engineering and applied sciences71394 Mathematics, computer and physical sciences Major Field of Study, Age 15 and Older, by Sex (Statistics Canada, 2011)

21 Sexuality and Education: 3. Do males and females perform similarly in school? 2. Are there sex differences in sexual satisfaction? 1. Are there sex differences in sexual behaviour? (continued)