CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 1 November 19, 2010, USTC In Pursuit of CP Violation, and more ⊳

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 2 I. Intro: Why are we here? II. The B Factories, the KM Nobel — and the Shortfall III. NTUHEP and its Exploits sin 2  B s  A K  IV. A Prediction of sin 2  B s a priori — from   A K   V. A Eureka Moment : Heavenly CPV !? VI. In Pursuit of CP Violation, and more Outline

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 3 I. Intro: Why are we here?

Matter ! Matter Matter (?) Antimatter: 0%

CPV & BAU: The Sakharov View Bang Us 14Byr Baryon Number V iolation CP Violation Deviation from Equilibrium Pair Annihilation (  CMB   ’ s ) Matter left ! Equal Matter -Antimatter (1967) Why are we here? aryon symmetry niverse

Discovery Discovery of CP Violation Phys. Rev. Lett. 13, 138 (1964) Sakharov Stimulated by Nobel

CP Asymmetry needs both CP Conserv/Violating Phase Particle Anti Particle CP Violation Primer QM i iCPV

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 8 Complex Dynamics: KM Sector of SM Unitary 3x3 “Rotation” CPV Need to be Nontrivial for CPV ► ► djdj uiui WW –WW – JJ g V ij W Wolfenstein parametrization 3 Generations Needed 1973

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 9 II. The B Factories, the KM Nobel, and the Shortfall

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 10 The Two B Factories Mt. Tsukuba PEP- II KEKB Belle BaBar Differ only in PID DIRC vs Aerogel Cherenkov + ToF Tag Flavor

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 11 Purpose of B Factory Measure sin2    via TCPV in B → J/  K S How did this all come about ?

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 12 CP conserv. A : Decay Amplitude M 12 : Mixing Amplitude A M 12 Ā CPV in Mixing-Decay Interference T-dep. CPV Primer B0B0 B0B0 B 0  B 0 Oscillations: e i  m t M 12 CPV in Mixing-Decay Interference B B Interference of Two Types of Phases CPV V*2V*2 td “Double Slit”

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 13 CP Asymmetry needs both CP Conserv/Violating Phase Particle Process Anti Particle Process CP Violation Primer  2 =  m t  2 =   arg V td TCPV:

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 14 A =  C for BaBar : Mass Difference : CP Eigenvalue of final state f : state at time  t from at  t = 0 : 1 CPV Phase in Mixing Measure Time-dependent CPV (TCPV) Asymmetry DCPV Carter-Sanda; Bigi-Sanda sin 2   

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 15 a big boost !

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 16 The Two B Factories Mt. Tsukuba PEP- II KEKB Belle BaBar Differ only in PID DIRC vs Aerogel Cherenkov + ToF Tag Flavor Asymmetric Energy ! P. Oddone, 1987

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 17 One B Decay Tag Flavor Other B Decay CP Eigenstate Measure Both Decay Vertex J/yK S, p + p -, h ’ K S, fK S, K S p ! Belle B decays in ~ picosecond The $1B Question: Mixing-dep. CPV in B → J/yK S  z   t B 0 or B 0

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 18 b  d transitions consistent with SM KM Phase Confirmed by Experiment ~ 2001 Area ≠

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 19 "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics" discoverorigin "for the discovery of the origin of the predict broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 Photo: Universtity of ChicagoPhoto: KEK Photo: Kyoto University Yoichiro Nambu Makoto KobayashiToshihide Maskawa 1/2 of the prize 1/4 of the prize USA Japan Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) Tsukuba, Japan Kyoto Sangyo University; Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan b (in Tokyo, Japan) b b CP Violation in SM 7 October 2008 B Factories (BaBar & Belle)

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 20 CPV CPV so far only observed in KM... Nontrivial CPV Phase Nontrivial All like-charge quark pairs nondegenerate, Otherwise  Back to 2-gen. and CPV vanish. CPV Jarlskog Invariant (1985) for CPV CPV iff J ≠ 

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 21 CPV in KM B.A.U. from CPV in KM ? The Lore. Normalize by T ~ 100 GeV Masses too Small ! WMAP Jarlskog Invariant in SM3 (need 3 generation in KM) is common (unique) area of triangle in SM CPV Phase Small, but not Too small Too Small in SM EW Phase Transition Temperature ~ v.e.v.

Why Repeat ? “Flavor Problem” v.e.v. (u, d,) s, c, b quarks too light BAU   the Shortfall : KM misses BAU by at least  ...

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 23 III. NTUHEP and its Exploits

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 24 The Two B Factories Mt. Tsukuba PEP- II KEKB Asymmetric Energy ! P. Oddone, 1987 Inadvertantly lead to my return to Taiwan in 1992

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 25 My CPV Internship a few remarks...

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 26 becoming semi-expert Bander-Silverman-Soni phase/mech Invitation to Blois

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 27 PSI B Project died 2 weeks after I arrived...

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 28 I Intro Sprinkling of Flavor/CPV — “Heaven on Earth” 12 II Entrance: Hardware 6 Taiwan Belle III Science Output from Taiwan Belle Rare Decays Direct CPV 4 TCPV 5 Offshoots /Discovery 6 Prowess 4 Hints for New Physics, IV Hints for New Physics:  S, Dh / ppKDh / ppK S f / VV pol. Objective... a dramatic “Career Doubling” — founder/pusher of NTUHEP Built EFC Participate SVD2 ~ 20% of all Belle papers ! Observed ! AA TCPV could not have planned this

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 29 Strategy: Rare Decays Direct CPV Part of motivation for starting T-Belle is Density of B-phenomenologists — Hai-Yang Cheng (AS) Xiao-Gang He (NTU) (recruited as part of build-up Chao-Qiang Geng (NTHU) Hsiang-nan Li (AS) (built-up in the process Kwei-Chou Yang (CYCU) (trained thru process Chuan-Hung Chen (NCKU) ( ” ” Chung-Kiang Chua (AS) ( ” ” and myself... Guess what, IS Our specialty IS — Rare Decays and Direct CP Violation Have theorists, want experimentalists !

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 30 I Intro Sprinkling of Flavor/CPV — “Heaven on Earth” 12 II Entrance: Hardware 6 Taiwan Belle III Science Output from Taiwan Belle Rare Decays Direct CPV 4 TCPV 5 Offshoots /Discovery 6 Prowess 4 Hints for New Physics, IV Hints for New Physics:  S, Dh / ppKDh / ppK S f / VV pol. Objective... a dramatic “Career Doubling” — founder/pusher of NTUHEP Built EFC Participate SVD2 ~ 20% of all Belle papers ! Observed ! AA TCPV could not have planned this

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 31 Crowning: Rare Decays Direct CPV hh modes became “ours” since 2003

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 32 Tree Penguin Interference CPV Phase N.B. Would need also CP Conserving Phase Difference K   modes: Main Mine for DCPV Recall  D  ~ 30 , so  K  ,    likely

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 33 Highlight of Conf., “4.97  ” Observation of Direct CPV in B 2005 Conf., “4.97  ”

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 34 K: CP Violation History Mixing(-dep.) Direct B: DCPV TCPV

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 35 sin 2  B s  A K  IV. A Prediction of sin 2  B s a priori — from   A K  

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 36 Belle 2008 〈 Nature 〉 : Simple Bean Count   A = A K       A K      =     0.07  0.03 vs   Difference Is Large ! Exp. Established Belle + BaBar (+ CDF) b → s CPV And Not Predicted !

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 37 Oblig é Dispair U n e x p e c t e d !

ICHEP 2004, Beijing A CP (B  K    ) A CP ( K    ) = 0.04  0.05  M BB New K    : 728  53 Large EW penguin (Z 0 ) ? New Physics ? [also seen by BaBar] _d_d d  KK u u BB sb Sakai the Thread that Lead... hint that A CP ( K    )  A CP ( K    ) ? (2.4  ) Planted by me, but I myself was shocked ! t ’ Could it be Nondecoupling from t ’ !?

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 39 My first B (and 4G :) paper nondecoupling dimensions WSH, Willey, Soni <

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 40 _d_d d  KK u u BB sb WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRL’ 05 LO PQCD ⊕ 4th Gen.   A K   12% vs 15% (data)   A K  = A K  +     A K  +    ~ 15% and, t ’, t ’ demonstration, t ’ nondecoupling Large splitting of DCPV possible w/ 4G Corollary: Large TCPV in B s !

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 41 b → s Z-penguin: Nondecoupled t ’ w/ - PQCD at LO - PQCD at NLO WSH, Li, Mishima, Nagashima, PRL 2007 ⇨ Can in principle generate   A k  sin 2  B s     to    Predict sin 2  B s     to    _d_d d  KK u u BB sb t ’t ’ t ’ t ’ t ’ t ’    to    WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD, 2007 WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRL 2005  ≅    in SM/3G sin 2  B d ≡ ≡ sin 2  B d ≡ sin2   ≡ sin2 

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 42 arXiv: [hep.ex] arXiv: [hep.ex] Further ICHEP’08 Updates (CDF/DØ/fitters) : Strengthen ! sin 2  B s ~   0.7 WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD’07 arXiv: [hep.ph] UTfit Incredible !!! sin 2  B s   0.64   0.16   ~2.8   ± ? (already in 05) PRL’08 PRL’ Summer ’09

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 43 sin 2  B s ~   0.7 WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD’07 (already in 05) sin 2  B s ~  0.33 WSH, Ma, arXiv: [hep-ph] 4 th generation “prediction” still robust, but needs LHCb to verify ! Also, Soni et al., arXiv: [hep-ph] Buras et al. arXiv: [hep-ph] Lenz et al., arXiv: [hep-ph] probably hadronic enhanced  s comment: probably hadronic enhanced  s sin 2  B s ≡ sin  s ≡  sin 2  s  s seems smaller Summer ’10 4G Rehab.

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 44 spokesperson Looks like > 3  within 2011, if | sin 2  B s | > 0.2 !! 3G

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 45 V. A Eureka Moment : Heavenly CPV !? Mind broadened by writing 《 Nature 》

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 46 the 4G Leap One day late summer 2009, it occurred to me …

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 47 WMAP CPV in KM B.A.U. from CPV in KM ? Why? Jarlskog Invariant in SM3 (need 3 generation in KM) Normalize by T ~ 100 GeV masses too small ! is common (unique) area of triangle in SM CPV Phase Too Small in SM

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 48 Only fac. 30 in CPV per se ~ 10  15 Gain Gain mostly in Large Yukawa Couplings (Masses) ! Nature would likely use this !? WMAP CPV in KM B.A.U. from CPV in KM ? If shift by One Generation in SM4 (need 3 generation in KM) WSH, arXiv: [hep/ph] Providence Enough CPV? Too Small in SM 1,2,3 2,3,42,3,4 CJP’09

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 49 Soaring to the Starry Heavens Enough CPV for BAU ?

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 50 and more VI. In Pursuit of CP Violation, and more CPV 4 the Universe 4 − EWSB

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 51 The Pursuit of 4 th generation, and its Dilemma t’/b’ Mass Bounds: Getting heavier t ’ → Wq Search Alison ICHEP2010 Excess at high M reco and H T Unitarity Bound: Partial Wave Unitarity breaks down starting GeV ! Chanowitz, Furman and Hinchliffe, 1979 ~ Nambu Could EWSB be due to b’ and t’ near/above unitarity bound ? b ’ → W t Search 2.7/fb Same Sign Dilepton Comparable bound, clean Need Study Platform Higgs-Yuk. on Lattice

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 52 b' Search b' Search same sign dileptons Scale from 10 TeV LO using LO PYTHIA cross section for signal and bkgrnd Sensitivity will surpass (current) Tevatron bound w/ > pb  With 1 fb , start to challenge the unitarity bound. Partial Wave Unitarity Bound b' (→ W   t) b' _ [original 14 TeV done in 2008 by KF Jack Chen] Target by end of 2011 comment

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 53 discover "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry symmetry in subatomic physics" "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" Thoughts on the other 1/2 Nobel Prize Photo: Universtity of ChicagoPhoto: KEK Photo: Kyoto University Yoichiro Nambu Makoto KobayashiToshihide Maskawa 1/2 of the prize 1/4 of the prize USA Japan Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) Tsukuba, Japan Kyoto Sangyo University; Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan b (in Tokyo, Japan) b b SSB Could EWSB be due to b’ and t’ above unitarity bound ~ GeV ? Bob Holdom: N – J-L [Bardeen, Hill, Lindner Gustavo Burdman: “Holographic” 4th gen. 59 Need Study Platform Higgs-Yukawa on Lattice

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 54 The “ 3 + I ” Approach — A Research Agenda 1. Direct Search with CMS 2. LHC Phenomenology 3. Lattice Higgs-Yukawa NTU-NCU Team New “Theory NTU NTU - NCTU-DESY/Zeuthen I CERN/Taiwan Center for CMS Pixel Upgrade Phase I 3 I ⇒ Longer Term Hardware ⇒ assure physics program 5-yr Approval + PSI w/ PSI / ETHZ & DESY / Aachen / Karlsruhe Needed by ~ 2013 to Probe & Understand Beyond Unitarity Bound

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 55 Conclusion : ~ 10  15 Gain 10   15 Even if O (1) Enough CPV-4-BAU Maybe there is a 4th Generation ! Heaven on Earth ? Tevatron still to be watched sin 2  B s “Confirmation” — Easy for LHCb b ’, t ’ Discovery — Straightforward/full terrain LHC ! Know in 3-5(-7) Years ATLAS/CMS raison d'être for U 4-EWSB ? raison d'être for LHC ?

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 56

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 57 t  m B d, t op and V t d t t t op, a v.e.v. scale quark, “discovered” 20 years ago (ARGUS) Nondecoupling — t 1 Nondecoupling — t ~ 1 CPV Phase        arg V t d “Higgs Affinity” Loops mBdmBd

Flavor/CP/T-Belle George W.S. Hou (NTU) OCPA5, 6/29/06 58 Offshoot Discovery I — D 0 h 0 Early Rong-Shyang “tooling” w/   finding... sees D    - Japanese student and Paoti, indep’tly... see D    Convenors Act — Reported Summer 2001 ! Form “Battle Group” ‣ Jack D       ‣ Hsuan-Cheng D       ‣ Rong-Shyang D       SU(3) argument Why the rush? — Much Enhanced! 100 %

Flavor/CP/T-Belle George W.S. Hou (NTU) OCPA5, 6/29/06 59 Belle 23M, PRL 88, ( 2002 ) CLEO 9.7M, PRL 88, ( 2002 ) More modes, done in less time BaBar 89M, PRD 69, ( 2004 ) enhance Isospin Strong Phase Difference  D  ~ 30   K  ,    D  ~ ½  1

Flavor/CP/T-Belle George W.S. Hou (NTU) OCPA5, 6/29/06 60 Prowess I: TCPV in Charmless B  sqq Jack Shih-Chieh finished M.S., after army, went for US (still finishing at FNAL) I did not give instructions to move into T ime-dep. CPV study... [flagship TCPV, sin2  1 measurement via B  J/   K 0, was completed 2001 we strategically stayed away so as not to get sidelined. This was the first TCPV study outside of charmonia final states. — A remarkable test for method. BaBar followed only a year later. NTU’s expertise in    /  payed off. Nobody was better suited. Jack became a big expert on B  sqq TCPV in Belle Belle (Jack’s) result consistent with SM expectation, while BaBar’s is at some variance. Belle BaBar

Flavor/CP/T-Belle George W.S. Hou (NTU) OCPA5, 6/29/06 61 S  K S = sin 2  1 SM (KM) Prediction SUSY Possible SUSY FCNC/CPV Loop Can Break Equality Real  Penguins (Vertex Loops)

Flavor/CP/T-Belle George W.S. Hou (NTU) OCPA5, 6/29/06 62 TCPV in Charmless B  sqq Cont’d Belle BaBar SVD2 (2003+) S =  0.45 A =+0.17  0.33 SVD1 S =  0.68  0.46 A =  0.02  0.28  4.5% 2003 result caused a sensation [I was shocked data set opposite sign BaBar consistent with SM Belle converging But we firmly entered TCPV. Also  mode (Chin-Chi Wang)... h ’ K S, fK S...

Flavor/CP/T-Belle George W.S. Hou (NTU) OCPA5, 6/29/06 63 John

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 64 _d_d d  KK u u BB sb Why A K +  -  A K +  0  0 a Puzzle ? Large C ? Large EWPenguin ? Suppress Tree CPV Phase Need NP CPV Phase ∵ T and P EW ≈ same strong phase ? ? Currently working w/ Hsiang-nan et al. on NLO-PQCD  NP Z-penguin

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 65 N.B. QCDF did not predict A K    ; SCET got wrong sign for   A k  but PQCD did predict (ca. 2001) sign and strength of A K    ; PAMELA ! PAMELA e + could be due to (near by) Pulsars (so, Astrophysics); see e.g. Hooper, Blasi and Serpico, JCAP01(2009)025 BUT THAT DIDN’T STOP DM PARTICLE SPECULATOR/THEORISTS Enhanced Color-suppressed C B → K  DCPV Difference could be due to “ Enhanced Color-suppressed C ” AND THIS SEEMS TO STOP FURTHER THOUGHTS ACROSS ATLANTIC !? What Theorists Should Do ! (like “Blind Analysis” )

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 66 a traditional show stopper, but … ’ s are massive ! ⇨  ⇨  Another Scale. Neutral Lepton N   hard to access in near future CDF/ATLAS (except Majorana)

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 67 Kribs et al. Chanowitz; Erler and Langacker; … Heavier Higgs !

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 68

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 69 Can determine full 4  4 by facing all flavor constraints WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD’05 WSH, Ma, arXiv: [hep-ph] ⇨ ⇨ CKM4

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 70 b ’ t ’ Find b ’, t ’, or Rule LHC 4 th 4 th generation? — The jury is out … In era of LHC, can Directly Search for b’, t ’ Once and For All ! It’s a Duty. Strategy Considerations ( ) All Tools Well shielded training ground — All Tools ☞ Move on to Greener Pastures ~ in 2 years Publish early — Large Cross Section - If “Limits”, then easy to publish - If “Signal”, Lucked Out! Strategic Planning for CMS Physics Analysis Vision ~ Early ’ 06 Well shielded Publish early WSH & Arhrib, JHEP2006 Take disfavored status of 4G to our advantage, i.e. as cover

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 71 CPV The Abyss between CPV in SM3 vs BAU Heaviness of t ’ and b ’ bridged in SM4 by Heaviness of t ’ and b ’ Why wasn’t this clearly pointed out in past 20 years ?

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 72

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 73 Strong, Nonperturbative Yukawa sets in !

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 74 or, deeper...

CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) USTC, Nov ’10 75 What about Strength of Phase Transition? Higgs potential at T  0 regulate transition strength: bosons For m H > 72 GeV transition is a For m H > 72 GeV transition is a crossover ― rules out BAU in SM. ― rules out BAU in SM. Typically invoke SUSY: light stop Typically invoke SUSY: light stop With SM4, no new bosons  still insufficient With SM4, no new bosons  still insufficient W, Z Kajantie. Laine, Rummukainen, Shaposhnikov, 1996 Fok and Kribs, 2008 e.g. Carena, Quiros, Seco, Wagner, 2000 Critique Pairing Strong Yukawa “ Pairing” could enter E(T) ? composite Higgs field always elementary in literature. What about composite ? Could nonperturbative Yukawa save the day? Lattice Higgs-Yukawa Lattice Higgs-Yukawa perturbative