Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Swapan Chattopadhyay Jefferson Lab May 23, 2003 Invited Talk Conference on Intersection of Particle and Nuclear Physics, CIPNP New York May 23, 2003 Jefferson Lab Accelerator Developments for Nuclear/Particle Physics

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 2 Jefferson Lab Site

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 3 Nuclear Physics Grand Instruments for Science Development of Unique Scientific/Technical Tools Imaging and Instrumentation (Medical/Security)Advanced Computational Science (LQCD) Photon Science and Applications NucleusNucleonQuark Complex Materials Nano-systems Precision Dynamics Jefferson Lab Strategic Vision Surface Processing 100 kW Gluon ERL FEL Bio-systems science >12 GeV/EIC science 6 GeV 12 GeV science HELIOS science SNSRIA 100 kW + TESLA / NLC 10 Tflop  100 Tflop  1 Pflop kW

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 4

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 5 Jefferson Lab Accelerator Site CEBAF SRF recirculating linac Test Lab at the Institute for Superconducting Radio-Frequency Science and Technology -SNS drive linac - JLab - FEL FEL Nuclear Physics Detector Halls A, B, C

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 6 South Linac Cryomodules in Tunnel

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 7 Hall A Electron and Hadron Spectrometers

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 8 Hall B – CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS)

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 9 Hall C – High Momentum Spectrometer and Short Orbit Spectrometer

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 10 Our approved research program involves half of our 2100 member user community: 1011 scientists from 167 institutions in 29 countries * JLab is the Leading International Facility in Hadronic Physics

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 11 JLab – Delivering for the Nation – Nuclear Physics Scientific Productivity* > 2100 users with > 1000 active on experiments -167 institutions in 29 countries 133 universities from 26 of the United States -Includes 14 joint professors, including 11 from 5 MSIs 119 PhDs (26 female, 31 minority) in JLab-related science with 138 (24 female, 38 minority) more in progress -Valuable manpower for experimental program, theory support 78 completed and 21 partially completed experiments -78 Phys Letters and Phys Rev Letters -263 invited talks and 616 contributed talks -167 articles in refereed journals (+ 12 submitted) *Data as of 10/18/02

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 12 Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 13 What’s the Point of 12 GeV Upgrade? The 12 GeV Upgrade at Jefferson Lab aims at answering two core questions: 1) What is the nature of quark confinement? 2) What is the fundamental nature of the nuclear force in terms of quark and gluon interactions? Quark Confinement Analytical model (based on QCD) of nuclei as groups of quarks Hall D Halls A, B, & C Courtesy:Alex Dzierba Leigh Harwood

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 14 Quark Confinement Quarks are the only particles known that cannot be observed as individuals. They always occur in groups. This is known as quark confinement.

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 15 Quark Confinement (cont’d) Current “wisdom”:F q-q = k Implication:Field energy always increases as the quarks separate 1 GeV/fm No radial dependence There is some separation distance at which field energy: Exceeds the mass of 2 quarks. Never find an isolated quark. U q-q = kr Energy in the field Separation distance Mass of 2 quarks Can be reduced by creating quark-antiquark pair. Quark Confinement

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 16 Quark Confinement (cont’d) Flux tube (many gluons) qq Energy in the field Separation distance Mass of 2 quarks (~600 MeV) qq

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 17 How to “See” the Flux Tubes “String” analog Flux tube 2 quarks = 1 meson Spectrum is known. Flux tube has it’s own quantum numbers Can make mesons with “forbidden” quantum numbers Graduate Research!! Partial Wave Analysis and Exotic Meson Spectroscopy

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 18 “Gluonic Excitations” Q Q NUCLEAR PARTICLE PHYSICS Strategic Simulation: Lattice-gauge QCD Code 12 GeV e– 10 GeV “   ” Possible at JLab’s 12 GeV Upgrade of CEBAF. Color Mapping in QCD  << sec. Graduate Research!!

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 19 6 GeV CEBAF 11CHL-2 12 Upgrade magnets and power supplies

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 20 RF Control Algorithm choice Large Lorentz forces Narrow bandwidth  Detuning curve is VERY different. Overall performance requirements: Amplitude:1x10 -4 Phase:0.1º

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 21 Lorentz Detuning Effects Resonant frequency relative to that at low field (Hz) Peak moves as (gradient) Frequency relative to master oscillator (Hz) Tuner must run  slow Is there an alternative?

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 22 RF Control (cont’d)

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 23 Electron Light Ion Collider Integrated with 25 GeV Fixed Target Program  Five accelerating passes through CEBAF  25 GeV Fixed Target (FT) Program  One accelerating/one decelerating pass through CEBAF  30 GeV CM Collider Program Exploring whether collider and fixed target modes can run simultaneously or in alternating mode Beam Dump CEBAF with Energy Recovery Injector 5 GeV electrons50 GeV light ions Snake Solenoids Snake IR RFQ DTL CCL Talk by: Rolf Ent and Lia Merminga

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 24 ELIC: Site Map

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 25 Energy Recovery and its Potential for High Luminosity Colliders

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 26 ERL R&D – Relevance to Nuclear Physics and Light Sources Two complementary and orthogonal branches to complete the required ERL R&D. Accelerator R&D Issues Creation, transport and acceleration of extremely low-emittance, high-current beams CEBAF Energy Recovery Experiment at High Energy Facilities 2 kW JLab FEL Average Current [mA] Energy [MeV] ERL High Energy Path High Current Path Energy Recovery Experiment at High Current at JLab FEL/ERL

Operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Page 27 ERL R&D – Relevance to Nuclear Physics and JLab Core Competency (cont’d) High Energy Demonstration of Energy Recovery  Beam will be accelerated from 45 MeV to 1 GeV and energy recovered to 45 MeV. Plan to inject at 10 to 20 MeV and test energy recovery with energy ratio up to ~100  Beam properties, beam halo to be measured at several locations  Experiment is approved and scheduled for March-April 2003 Phase delay chicane Injector 45 MeV500 MeV 1 GeV 500 MeV 45 MeV CEBAF-ER Installation Graduate Research: possibilities of Energy Recovery plus Current Doubling for future facilities