Jienne Al-Haideri, Seema Patel, Chithra Rajasekaran & David Yang
1.Introduction 2.Overview of Seahorses a. Morphology and Behavior i. brood pouches, snout, body, tail, dorsal fins ii. feeding, Sexual dimorphism 3.Conservation Concerns 4.Future Directions 5.Summary & Conclusions 6.Q & A
Seahorses Order: Gasterosteiformes Family: Syngnathidae Genus: Hippocampus o Ancient Romans/Aristotle o Size Range o Marine species
Highly involved male parental care Completely enclosed brood pouch Function: Osmoregulation, nutrition, respiration, incubation site. Comparisons Pipe fishes: simple, inverted pouches.
Males/females differ in their external anatomy
Monogamous (mate for life; unlike most fish) Dimorphism evolved from sexual selective pressures Ex: longer trunks in females accommodate developing ovaries longer tails in males aid in courtship (tail grabbing) and gestation (brood pouches) Note: Seahorses still maintain traditional sex roles
Sit-and-wait predators Camouflage Rely on site (independently moving eyes) Feed primarily on mobile prey—mainly crustaceans Evolved from straight bodied swimmers (pipe fish) Pivot feeding (2 step process)
S-shaped body increases strike distance Main point: S-shaped body and sit-and-wait strategy evolved for better feeding
elongated snout various snout dimensions depending on species snout length/width differences with age pivots head to lessen distance from their snout to the prey lift angles allow for a greater distance to be covered by the mouth Leafy Seadragon Short-snouted Seahorse
Anatomy of a Seahorse Head:
lack scales Body Armor: thin layer of skin covering several bony plates Trunk rings and coronet Coronet: "crown" structure positioned at head (equivalent to human thumbprint) Camouflage used as a defense mechanism and predatory strategy (ex. Dragon Seahorse) Armor makes them unappetizing prey
Specialized prehensile (grasping) tail Evolution of bent tail Change in regulation of growth and development Daily life Attached to algae and corals Social Behavior
Highly specialized oscillations High frequency median fin propulsion (unusual) Habitat selected for high degree of maneuverability Complex, obstacle-strewn environment
Simultaneous prey and predator Economic value Chinese medicinal uses 50% decline in natural populations Vulnerable due to behavior Live in endangered environments By-catch (e.g., Shrimp Trawlers)
Evolutionary history is still controversial Mystery of bending tail evolution Phylogenetic relationships are poorly understood Difficult to culture seahorses due to lack of information/data Indicator species?
Anthropogenic pressures need to be lifted Overexploitation in target fisheries Threats from habitat degradation Exceptionally unique Unique reproduction (male pregnancy) Drastically changed the fish body plan Vertical swimming style They need protection! Dramatic declines worldwide Biggest predator is man