Lecture 1 – AI Background Dr. Muhammad Adnan Hashmi 1

 Profile:  Name: Dr. Muhammad Adnan Hashmi  2005: BSc (Hons.) in CS – University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan  2007: MS in Multi-Agent Systems– University Paris 5, Paris, France  2012: PhD in Artificial Intelligence – University Paris 6, Paris, France.  Coordinates:  2

 Primary Book:  Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (AIMA)  Authors: Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig (3rd Ed.)  Advisable that each student should purchase a copy of this book  Reference Book: 1. Artificial Intelligence (Fourth Edition) by George F Luger 3

1. Provide a concrete grasp of the fundamentals of various techniques and branches that currently constitute the field of Artificial Intelligence, e.g., 1. Search 2. Knowledge Representation 3. Autonomous planning 4. Machine learning 5. Robotics etc. 4

 Homework Assignments: 15%  Quizes: 5%  Mid-Term: 20%  Project: 20%  Final: 40% 5

 Course overview  What is AI?  A brief history of AI  The state of the art of AI

 Introduction and Agents (Chapters 1,2)  Search (Chapters 3,4,5,6)  Logic (Chapters 7,8,9)  Planning (Chapters 11,12)  Learning (Chapters 18,20)

 Views of AI fall into four categories:  Systems that act like humans  Systems that think like humans  Systems that act rationally  Systems that think rationally  In this course, we are going to focus on systems that act rationally, i.e., the creation, design and implementation of rational agents.

 Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence": "Can machines think?"  "Can machines behave intelligently?"  Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game  Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes  Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50 years  Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language understanding, learning.

 1960s “Cognitive Revolution": Information- processing psychology replaced prevailing orthodoxy of behaviorism  Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain. How to validate?  Cognitive Science: Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects  Cognitive Neuroscience: Direct identification from neurological data  Both approaches are now distinct from AI, and share with AI the following characteristic:  The available theories do not explain (or engender) anything resembling human-level general intelligence.

 Normative rather than descriptive  Aristotle: What are correct thought processes?  Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic:  Notation and rules of derivation for thoughts (this may or may not have proceeded to the idea of mechanization)  Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to modern AI  Problems:  Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation  What is the purpose of thinking? What thoughts should I have out of all the thoughts (logical or otherwise) that I could have?

 Rational behavior: doing the right thing  The right thing: the optimal (best) thing that is expected to maximize the chances of achieving a set of goals, in a given situation  Doesn't necessarily involve thinking, but a rational agent should be able to demonstrate it artificially, in moving towards its goal  Aristotle (Nicomachean Ethics):  Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some good.

 An agent is an entity that perceives and acts  This course is about designing rational/intelligent agents  Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to actions:  f : P* -> A  For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the agent (or class of agents) with the optimal (best) performance  Caveat: computational limitations make perfect rationality unachievable  So we attempt to design the best (most intelligent) program, under the given resources.

 Philosophy: Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system, foundations of learning, language, rationality  Mathematics: Formal representation and proof, Algorithms, Computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability, probability  Psychology: Adaptation, phenomena of perception and motor control, experimental techniques (with animals, etc.)  Economics: Formal theory of rational decisions  Linguistics: Knowledge representation, grammar  Neuroscience: Plastic physical substrate for mental activity  Control theory: Homeostatic systems, Stability, Simple optimal agent designs.

 1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain  1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"  1956Dartmouth: "Artificial Intelligence“ adopted  Look, Ma, no hands!  1950sEarly AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist,  1965Robinson's algo for logical reasoning  AI discovers computational complexity Neural network research almost disappears  Early development of knowledge-based systems  AI becomes an industry  Neural networks return to popularity  AI becomes a science  The emergence of intelligent agents.

 Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997  No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego)  During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people  NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft  Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans.

 Speech technologies  Automatic speech recognition (ASR)  Text-to-speech synthesis (TTS)  Dialog systems  Language Processing Technologies  Machine Translation  Information Extraction  Informtation Retrieval  Text classification, Spam filtering. 17

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 Computer Vision:  Object and Character Recognition  Image Classification  Scenario Reconstruction etc.  Game-Playing  Strategy/FPS games, Deep Blue etc.  Logic-based programs  Proving theorems  Reasoning etc. 19

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