Writing on the Wall Council estate/housing project = public housing = social housing Do we blame people or look for inherent design faults, or do both? Difficulty of replicating Newman’s data with OHC data from Toronto—secrecy issues What design faults contributed to the social problems discussed in the film?

Writing on the Wall How many design faults might be corrected or eliminated in the design phase of housing? Can an architect operate effectively without a thorough understanding of human territoriality?

Maximizing Defensible Space Clear entrance areas—cars, bushes, etc., should not obstruct views into the entrance Provision of semi-public space Visibility of entrance ways, stairwells, play areas Housing should blend in with existing neighbourhood and not stigmatize residents Play and seating areas adjacent to housing

Maximizing Defensible Space Public areas maximizing tenant surveillance of grounds distinguished from semi-public and private areas Smaller number of tenants in buildings, density does not have to change Avoid placing low income, single parent pathological families in high-rise buildings Display names on door (reduces deindividuation) Allowance for personalizing touches (plantings, door knockers, window boxes, tenant painted doors

Pruitt-Igoe Houses (before) Architect: Minoru Yamasaki

A design sketch of a hallway in the Pruitt-Igoe Houses

Pruitt-Igoe Houses (St. Louis)

A Pruitt-Igoe House interior hallway prior to the destruction of the housing

Pruitt-Igoe Houses (after)

Clason Point Modification Goals (p.16) Intensify tenant surveillance of the grounds Reduce public space—create private & semi-public areas Intensify use of semi-public grounds in socially beneficial ways, extend areas of perceived tenant responsibility Increase sense of propriety felt by residents Reduce stigma of public housing, better blend with the community Reduce intergenerational conflict among residents

Clason Point Modifications

Clason Point Play/Seating Area Seating area for adults Group seating for teens Play area for small children

World Trade Center Architect: Minoru Yamasaki

World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 (after)

Procedures Implemented in Clason Point Paths widened, decorative, coloured paving used. Walls outside dwellings (created front lawns). Public seating in centre of pathway. Separation of age appropriate play areas, provision of adult seating Better and more decorative lighting of public areas Fencing to distinguish backyards from public paths. Refacing of buildings

Clason Point Crime Statistics Overall crime rate dropped 54% in first year Premodification monthly crime rate average = 6.91 crimes/1,000 residents Postmodification monthly crime rate average = 3.16 crimes/1,000 residents Average monthly burglary rate/year dropped from 5.15/1,000 residents to 3.71/1,000 residents (a 28% change)

Clason Point Crime Statistics Average monthly robbery rate dropped from 1.95/1,000 residents to 0. Average monthly assault rate dropped from 0.53/1,000 residents to 0.31/1,000 residents (a 42% change) The number of felonies (indictable offences) during the evening and night decreased by more than half.

Clason Point Crime Statistics For serious crime categories (burglary, robbery & assault), average crime rate was reduced by 61.5% The percentage of residents who felt they had the right to question strangers on project grounds increased from 27 to 50% (Source: Newman, O. (1996). Creating defensible space. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, pp.77-78).

Issues in Defensible Space Research Lack of definition of defensible space Selectivity of buildings studied? Data analysis errors Was there an actual reduction in crime or was it merely the displacement of crime to other locations? Architectural determinism rather than an examination of other possible factors Failure to consider social and economic factors in the commission of crimes Accessibility of housing data in other jurisdictions?

Issues in Defensible Space Research Buildings might have defensible space, but if tenants don’t communicate with each other, there is no gain in safety The bystander effect (diffusion of responsibility) states that when others are present, less help is forthcoming

Critique of Electronic Security Systems “Big brother” mentality is inherent in its use Creation of a false sense of security Unreliability of system, breakdowns, power failures Equipment itself can be vandalized and then crimes committed. With electric locks, more than one person may enter, thus permitting intruders entrance.

Oscar Newman (1935-2004) Oscar Newman left architecture and became a full-time carver of totem poles, taking the name “Bounding Warrior”. He claimed to be 1/8 Nootka (a west coast aboriginal tribe).