SS Space Science Program October 2000 Particle energy in the magnetosphere is carried mainly by trapped protons. Proton auroras are caused by protons which.

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Presentation transcript:

SS Space Science Program October 2000 Particle energy in the magnetosphere is carried mainly by trapped protons. Proton auroras are caused by protons which leave the magnetosphere and precipitate into the atmosphere. IMAGE, is the first satellite to make remote sensing measurements of proton and electron auroras separately. Observations of proton auroras can pin-point the onset location of the substorm. GLOBAL OBSERVATION OF PROTON AURORAS BY IMAGE Mende et al., Global observations of proton and electron auroras in a substorm. Geophys. Res. Lett., submitted Frey et al., The electron and proton aurora as seen by IMAGE-FUV and FAST. Geophys. Res. Lett., submitted SI-12 (Protons) SI-13 (mainly electrons) Combined image

SS Space Science Program October 2000 MEASUREMENTS: IMAGE carries an array of imagers to take pictures of the magnetosphere and the aurora. There are three Far Ultraviolet (FUV) auroral imagers which observe the aurora simultaneously in three wavelength channels. 1. Wideband Imaging Camera (WIC) observes nitrogen emissions excited by auroral electrons and protons. 2. Spectrographic Imager SI12 channel observes auroral Lyman alpha produced by protons. 3. Spectrographic Imager SI13 channel observes oxygen emission excited by auroral electrons and protons. GLOBAL OBSERVATION OF PROTON AURORAS BY IMAGE

SS Space Science Program October 2000 GLOBAL OBSERVATION OF PROTON AURORAS BY IMAGE WICSI-12 SI-13 In order to validate the IMAGE FUV observations we have performed coordinated observationss with FAST auroral satellite, which measured the precipitating particles by in situ particle counters. FAST orbit is illustrated in red.

SS Space Science Program October 2000 GLOBAL OBSERVATION OF PROTON AURORAS BY IMAGE WIC intensity (red) along FAST track shows good agreement with particle (proton and electron) energy flux measurements by FAST. SI-12 intensity (red) along FAST track shows good agreement with proton flux measurements by FAST.

SS Space Science Program October 2000 Auroral dynamics can be best understood in terms of its substorm cyclic behavior. Substorms are spontaneous intensifications of the aurora accompanied by poleward expansion of the auroral oval. Prior to IMAGE our picture of the global auroral substorm morphology was based only on electron aurora observations even though we knew that protons play a significant role in the substorm process. IMAGE FUV has observed several substorms in proton and electron auroras. Significant images of a small substorm are presented in the following slide. GLOBAL OBSERVATION OF PROTON AURORAS BY IMAGE

SS Space Science Program October 2000 GLOBAL OBSERVATION OF PROTON AURORAS BY IMAGE 19:5620:0420:15 20:2320:3120:47 FUV images of a small substorm WICSI-12 midnight

SS Space Science Program October 2000 GLOBAL OBSERVATION OF PROTON AURORAS BY IMAGE 19:56 Pre-substorm situation: faint single arcs are co-located in WIC and SI :04 Sudden brightening in the electron aurora (WIC) near mid-night at about the same latitude as the proton aurora showing that the onset occurs in a region where there is significant proton precipitation. 20:15 Brightening (WIC) propagates towards dawn (to the left) and poleward with proton aurora (SI-12) expanding poleward. 20:23 Brighter surge in (WIC) is considerably more poleward than the bulk of the protons which reach peak brightness at this time. 20:31 Bright poleward arc (WIC) while protons fade at high latitude 20:47 Post substorm protons re-formed at low latitudes while the electron aurora has propagated poleward and dawnward..

SS Space Science Program October 2000 GLOBAL OBSERVATION OF PROTON AURORAS BY IMAGE Conclusion: Substorm onset occurs in the region of closed field lines containing protons. This observation supports substorm models which claim that substorms begin near the earth.