Schools of Thought in Anthropology. What is a School of Thought? A perspective, a viewpoint, or a certain way of interpreting a discipline's subject matter.

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Presentation transcript:

Schools of Thought in Anthropology

What is a School of Thought? A perspective, a viewpoint, or a certain way of interpreting a discipline's subject matter that has become widely credible.

Functionalism Society must have a set of standard laws and practices to provide stability. These are called Institutions. Society is a logical institution and functions in the best interest and by the needs of the majority; every practice, custom serves a purpose to provide stability. All cultures are set up to deal with the universal problems that human societies face (e.g. Conflict = law enforcement).

Key Terms of Functionalism Institutions: established laws, practises & customs in a society. Norms: a set of generalized patterns of behaviour for a society (e.g. Marriage, job) Roles: the expected behaviours, responsibilities associated with a position (principal) Status: Where that role fits in the society Hierarchy: a ranking system based on status & roles of the society.

Individuals have physiological needs: Food Shelter Water There are also culturally derived needs: Language Arts Clothing Products/ Technology

Structuralism The mind functions on binary opposites Humans see things in terms of two forces that are opposite to each other. For example night and day, good and bad Binary opposites differ from society to society

Rules in each culture are different Anthropologists must seek out & explain these rules, depending on cultural they are in. For example: Structuralists, believe that the world is organized according to male and female constructs, roles, words, and ideas.

Functionalist and Structuralist Views on Kinship mwA

Cultural Materialism Technological and economical factors are most important ones in moulding a society The types of technology and economic methods that are adopted always determine the type of society that develops; the true explanation of a culture can only be derived by examining members' decisions regarding human reproduction & economic production. This is known as Determinism:

According to Cultural Materialists, a culture is evaluated by outsiders on 3 levels:

Level 1 Infrastructure Represented by material factors: goods/ products / services. E.g. Way in which goods are produced E.g. Methods used to reproduce population at an acceptable rate

Level 2 Structure Social class Distribution of wealth

Level 3 Superstructure Music Recreation Arts