1 Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope Observations of Gamma-ray Bursts Julie McEnery NASA/GSFC and University of Maryland On behalf of the Fermi-LAT and Fermi-GBM collaborations

2 Fermi Observatory Large Area Telescope (LAT): 20 MeV - >300 GeV 2.4 sr FoV (scans entire sky every ~3hrs) Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) 8 keV - 40 MeV views entire unocculted sky Launched on June 11, 2008

3 All Sky Coverage In survey mode, the LAT observes the entire sky every two orbits (~3 hours), and covers 20% of the sky at any time. Can also perform pointed observations of particularly interesting regions of the sky. Autonomously repoint for 2.5 hours following on-board detection of a bright, hard GBM burst GBM covers the entire unocculted sky LAT sensitivity on 4 different timescales: 100 s, 1 orbit (96 mins), 1 day and 1 year

4 GRB090902B - Autonomous repoint LAT pointing in celestial coordinates from -120 s to 2000 s –Red cross = GRB B –Dark region = occulted by Earth (  z>113°)‏ –Blue line = LAT FoV (±66°)‏ –White lines = 20° (Earth avoidance angle) / 50° above horizon –White points = LAT events (no cut on zenith angle)

5 Fermi and GRB LAT: 300 GeV. With both onboard and ground burst triggers. GBM: 12 NaI detectors— 8 keV to 1 MeV. Used for onboard trigger, onboard and ground localization, spectroscopy: 2 BGO detectors— 150 keV to 40 MeV. Used for spectroscopy. Total of >7 energy decades! Good spectral observations of the prompt phase of lots of GRB

6 Alerts and Data Flow Science processing parameters reviewed by Users Committee Planned repoint frequency (adjustable): bursts starting within LAT FOV ~2/month bursts starting outside LAT FOV ~2/year Instrument Trigger(s) Fast signal GBM- >LAT Alerts and updates to GCN with localization Repoint request GBM- >LAT Repoint request LAT->SC Slew to keep burst within LAT FOV (dwell time 2.5 hrs) Regularly-scheduled data downlinks (10-12/day) 1s 10 s 100s 1000 s 10 3 s 10 4 s 10 5 s Onboard processing (both LAT and GBM) - GCN alerts: location, intensity (cnts), hardness ratio, trigger classification (GRB, solar flare etc) GBM Prompt ground processing (10-30 mins): updated location, lightcurve. Quicklook GBM products available at FSSC GBM Burst Advocate localization LAT ground processing (5-15 hours): updated location, high energy spectrum, flux (or upper limit), afterglow search results. LAT count data available. Final ground processing (24-48 hours): GBM model fit (spectral parameters, flux, fluence), joint LAT-GBM model fit, raw GBM data available.

7 Science Data Availability LAT and GBM instrument teams generate additional high level data (lightcurves, transient alerts, pulsar timing solutions etc) which are served to the community by the FSSC No proprietary gamma-ray data - Everyone gets access to the data at the same time Latency requirement is 72 hours, typical latency is much less ~<10 hours

8 GBM Triggers/Month Nov 9, add new TGF trigger TGF trigger rate increased by factor of ~10 to 1 per 3.7 days

9 Fermi GRB detections 14 LAT bursts with measured redshift from z=0.145 (GRB130702A via iPTF!) to 4.35 (GRB080916C)

10 GBM Spectra - Thermal Components? Black body components have been fit in several GRB - GRB080916C, GRB090902, GRB100724B… Guiriec et al, 2011, Ryde et al 2011 Non thermal Thermal(kT≈ 38keV) Total Non thermal GRB100724B - bright GBM burst kT~constant, evolving non- thermal component Expect thermal/blackbody component from photosphere

11 Continuous high time resolution data The initial GBM configuration was to return count rates binned in time and energy. –After an onboard trigger enhance time and energy resolution of the binned data for 10 mins and collect individual time-tagged events for ~5.5 minutes. On November 26, 2012, we transitioned to continuously collecting time-tagged event data –This allows for sensitive ground-based analyses on short timescales Excellent for TGFs, which typically have durations less than the shortest onboard trigger integration time. Also helpful for searches for sub-threshold short GRB, precursors etc. Pipeline to search for SGRB offline is currently under development by the GBM team.

12 GBM Localization Contours GBM’s strength is its broadband spectral coverage of the prompt emission of GRB, its weakness is relatively poor localization –68% containment: 15o (1st FSW), 11.5o (last FSW), 7.5o (GA), 5o (HitL) The GBM team have developed new data products to support follow-up observations of GRB locations. –Location of the GRB along with 1, 2 and 3 sigma contours that include both the statistical and the current best-guess systematic uncertainties on the GBM localizations. Already two successful follow-ups with iPTF using the contour files (130702A & A) These localization products will routinely be made publicly available from the FSSC. Please see Adam Goldstein’s poster (or talk with Adam) for more details.

13 Fermi-LAT Observations of GRB Onset of >100 MeV delayed w.r.t. keV flux Durations of high energy emission longer than keV emission –Spectral and flux variability greatest at early times –Spectral index ~constant at later times Hard power-law components seen in bright LAT GRB Cutoffs -> fewer detected GRB than hoped MeV-GeV counterparts to X-ray flares?

14 Energetics of Fermi-LAT GRBs LAT GRBs are among the most energetic both intrinsically and observationally A

15 Comparing MeV to GeV emission The GeV fluence is typically ~10% of the MeV fluence. The two short GRB may be exceptions to this, but need more short GRB to confirm. 100% 10% 1%

16 Highest Energy Photons The highest energy photons are not correlated with spikes in the prompt emission lightcurve, and often arrive after the end of the prompt emission Highest energy photons provide constraints on the acceleration/emission processes (need to be able to produce the photons) and on conditions in the emission region (need to be able to get them out)

17 Delayed onset of >100 MeV Emission The LAT >100 MeV emission starts after the keV emission, sometimes by up to 80 seconds Seen for both long and short GRB

18 Duration Distributions We measure a systematically longer duration in the LAT –Emission at GeV energy lasts longer than the emission at MeV energy

19 Extra power-law components in most bright bursts Best fit spectrum to interval b (T s to T s) is a band function (smoothly broken power- law) + power-law component. GRB B Abdo, A. A., et al. 2009, ApJ, 706, L138 GRB First bright short GRB Clear detection of an extra component, inconsistent with the Band function. Ackermann et al ApJ

20 GRB090926B Sharp spike seen at all measured gamma-ray energies –Strongest below 15 keV and above 10 MeV –Clear correlation between keV and MeV/GeV lightcurves Ackermann et al, 2011

21 GRB extra spectral component Hard power-law component emerges during the bright spike, with cutoff at 1.4 GeV Power-law index remains constant through the afterglow (~5000 seconds)

22 Long-lived Emission with power- law temporal decays GRB B GRB C GRB De Pasquale, M., et al. 2010, ApJ, 709, L146

23 Breaks in the extended emission Significant (>3 sigma) breaks seen in 3 bright GRB Transition from prompt to afterglow?

24 LAT Detection during X-ray Flare Activity Sample of 140 Swift GRB –49 (35%) show flares at early times –12 with good LAT observations (in FoV and away from Earth limb) –29 flares with simultaneous Fermi/Swift observations, 1 detection! GRB100728A –Bright GBM burst->ARR –No prompt LAT detection (but was at edge of FoV, 58 deg) –Hard spectrum ( ) –Gamma-ray fluence consistent with extrapolation of the X-ray flare spectrum –Unable to distinguish between afterglow or flare emission due to weak LAT detection

25 How fast is the emission region moving? Relativistic motion of the emitting shell: –A relativistic motion of the shell allows higher energy events in dense region to escape. –Observing high-energy events correlated with the fast variability allows us to constrain to the speed (G min ) of the emitting shell. For target photon spectrum assume band function, or power- law. Caveat : target photon field assumed uniform, isotropic, time- independent –More realistic modeling yields significantly (~3 times) lower values

26 GRB130427A One of the brightest GRBs in gamma- rays ever detected –Energy released in gamma-rays ~10 54 erg Highest energy photon (95 GeV) Longest lasting GeV emission – LAT detected emission for over 20 hours Redshift = 0.34

27 GRB130427A Synchrotron emission? The high energy LAT-detected photons challenge synchrotron origin from shock accelerated electrons Equate radiation and acceleration timescales

28 GRB131108A First onboard LAT detection in 4 years! Very bright burst in LAT Triggered Swift TOO based on LAT onboard location –Swift found the X-ray afterglow Analysis is ongoing, but initial analysis suggests: –Softer than usual LAT spectrum –Highest energy LAT photon just 1.5 GeV The bright Fermi-LAT burst drought is over!

29 The Future We are continuing to find unusual bursts –GRB130427A, GRB131108A Planned improvements to LAT FSW to boost LAT onboard trigger rate (by taking advantage of the GBM->LAT fast signal) New observatories coming online especially high energy and multi messenger –HAWC (wide-field TeV observatory) –VERITAS, HESS2, MAGIC etc –Unique opportunities for joint gravitational wave/photon detections of binary mergers with advanced LIGO and Fermi New GBM localization data products, possible localization improvements Significant improvements to LAT data reconstruction will bring increased effective area, field of view and angular resolution

30 Updated event reconstruction The LAT collects a significant amount of information for each gamma-ray event –Ground processing reduces this to directions, energy, event type (gamma-ray or background) and associated errors –Extensive scope for analysis improvements tailored to specific science questions or scenarios –Extensive rework of low-level algorithms is currently in progress, ready for release in 2014/2015 Analysis and configuration improvements coupled with robust hardware means that we will continue to expand LAT science capabilities Factor of two increase in acceptance at 100 MeV

31 GRBs and Gravitational Waves Both observations bring complementary information: ALIGO → inspiral characteristics ; Fermi → jet properties & environment Fermi-GBM and Advanced LIGO (>2015) should see coincident Gravitational wave/Electromagnetic emission or rule out NS-BH mergers as the progenitors of short GRB Large rate of short bursts in GBM is key to coincident detections GBM Short GRBs in ALIGO horizon: N(z<0.11, NS-NS) ~ 2 +4 yr -1 N(z<0.22, NS-BH) ~ 8 +6 yr

32 Summary 250 GRB/year detected by GBM ~10 GRB/year detected at high energy by the Fermi LAT Prompt emission observed over a wide energy range Delayed time onset between the LAT and GBM data Extra spectral components in most bright bursts High energy cutoffs in several GRB Thermal components in several GBM detected GRB Band model is no longer the best phenomenological model Temporally extended high energy emission is common Likely related to early afterglow, very constraining to emission/acceleration models Flux decreases as a power-law with time 3 bursts observed to have breaks in the temporal decay Bright GRB challenge standard models GRB130427a challenges commonly accepted models Look out for new results from GRB131108A