CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS A SYLLOGISM: A ONE STEP ARGUMENT WITH 2 PREMISES, WHICH ARE DEPENDENT, AND 1 CONCLUSION. A CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM SIMPLY USES CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS IN PREMISES AND CONCLUSION

CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS 1. ALL WHALES ARE MAMMALS. 2. ALL MAMMALS ARE ANIMALS THAT BREATHE BY MEANS OF LUNGS. 3. ALL WHALES ARE ANIMALS THAT BREATHE BY MEANS OF LUNGS. COMPONENTS OF CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS

CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS MAJOR TERM: OCCURS IN PREDICATE OF CONCLUSION (P) MAJOR PREMISE: PREMISE IN WHICH MAJOR TERM APPEARS MINOR TERM: OCCURS IN THE SUBJECT OF THE CONCLUSION. (S) MINOR PREMISE: PREMISE IN WHICH MINOR TERM APPEARS. MIDDLE TERM: TERM WHICH APPEARS IN EACH PREMISE BUT NOT IN CONCLUSION.

CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS THE FUNCTION OF THE MIDDLE TERM: THIS TERM WILL BE NAMED M. IT MEDIATES OR CONNECTS S AND P. MOOD OF CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS: REFERS TO ORDER OF TYPES OF PROPOSITIONS IN THE SYLLOGISM. WHALE ARGUMENT AGAIN. AAA

CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS FIGURE OF A CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM: REFERS TO THE POSITION OF THE MIDDLE TERM IN THE PREMISES. ONLY 4 MOODS, SEE P. 236. YOU NEED TO COMMIT THIS TO MEMORY.

CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS STANDARD FORM: WHEN SYLLOGISMS APPEAR IN ORDINARY LANGUAGE CONTEXTS WE NEED TO PUT THEM INTO STANDARD FORM. STRATEGY: (EACH SYLLOGISM HAS THREE LINES WHICH CORRESPOND TO EACH PROPOSITION.)

CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS 1. PUT PROPOSITIONS INTO STANDARD FORM (CHAPTER 8) 2. IDENTIFY THE CONCLUSION. WRITE IT DOWN AND PUT A NUMBER 3 BEFORE IT. 3. IDENTIFY S AND P AND WRITE THEM DOWN TO THE SIDE. 4. IDENTIFY MIDDLE TERM AND WRITE IT DOWN AT SIDE. 5. FIND PREMISE WITH MAJOR TERM AND WRITE IT ON LINE 1. 6. FIND PREMISE WITH MINOR TERM AND WRITE IT ON LINE 2. P.QUIZ 9.1. P. 238.

CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS SEE PRACTICE QUIZ EXAMPLE ON WEB. VALIDITY OF CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS VALIDITY: NECESSITY: ALL OR NONE IN TOTAL 256 FORMS OF CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS.

TESTING FOR VALIDITY RULES AND VENN DIAGRAMS. PLEASE EXCLUDE CANCELLATION METHOD GOAL: TO UTILIZE BOTH TO UNDERSTAND WHY SOME SYLLOGISMS ARE VALID AND OTHERS ARE NOT. RULES: 5 TOTAL AND ALL NEED TO BE SATISFIED FOR SYLLOGISM TO BE VALID. 2 RELATED TO DISTRIBUTION 2 RELATED TO NEGATIVITY 1 RELATED TO MODERN SQUARE OF OPPOSITION

TESTING FOR VALIDITY RULE 1: THE MIDDLE TERM MUST BE DISTRIBUTED IN AT LEAST ONE PREMISE. (FALLACY OF UNDISTRIBUTED MIDDLE) RULE 2: IF EITHER TERM IS DISTRIBUTED IN THE CONCLUSION, IT MUST BE DISTRIBUTED IN THE PREMISE IN WHICH IT APPEARS. EXAMINE CONCLUSION! ILLICIT MINOR OR MAJOR RULE 3: NO VALID SYLLOGISM CAN HAVE TWO NEGATIVE PREMISES. TWO NEGATIVES DO NOT ADD UP TO ANYTHING.

TESTING FOR VALIDITY RULE 4: IF EITHER PREMISE IS NEGATIVE, THE CONCLUSION MUST BE NEGATIVE. IF THE CONCLUSION IS NEGATIVE, ONE PREMISE MUST BE NEGATIVE. (CONVERSE) RULE 5: IF THE CONCLUSION IS PARTICULAR, ONE PREMISE MUST BE PARTICULAR. (CANNOT INFER A PARTICULAR FROM TWO UNIVERSAL PREMISES: CANNOT DRAW THE SUBALTERNATES)

ENTHYMEMES CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS WITH IMPLIED PREMISE. P.QUIZ 9.3. P. 242.