General Wave Behavior Physics of Music, Spring 2014.

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Presentation transcript:

General Wave Behavior Physics of Music, Spring 2014

Key Terms traveling wave transverse wave longitudinal wave plane waves circular waves Huygen's principle reflection diffraction velocity frequency wavelength

What is a traveling wave? A disturbance which travels through a medium, transmitting energy from the source to the observer without any net transfer of mass. Animation courtesy of Dr. Dan Russell, Kettering University

Transverse Wave Transverse: displacement is perpendicular to direction of wave propagation Spring image source: Animation courtesy of Dr. Dan Russell, Kettering University

Longitudinal Wave Longitudinal: displacement is parallel to direction of wave propagation. Animation courtesy of Dr. Dan Russell, Kettering University Long. Spring image source:

Plane waves and Circular Waves Plane  circular (diffraction!) Image sources: (top) Berg and Stork, Physics of Sound, 3 rd ed. (bottom) UC Irvine Optics research group. CircularPlane

Huygen’s Principle A wavefront can be thought of as being composed by a large number of “wavelets”, each of which spread out spherically in time and space. Image source: Berg and Stork, Physics of Sound, 3 rd ed.

Law of reflection Angle of incidence equals angle of reflection.  i =  r Both angles are measured with respect to the normal (dashed line perpendicular to the surface) Image sources:

Plane Wave Reflection and Ray Diagrams normal Ray diagram Image source:

Reflection from concave surface Image source: (left); Berg and Stork, Physics of Sound, 3 rd ed. (right)

Applications of Reflection? Image source: D. Hall, Musical Acoustics (left)

Diffraction Tendency for waves to spread out as a result of passing by an edge (barrier or passing through a slit) Image source: Narrow aperture Wide aperture

Diffraction Patterns Diffraction in ripple tank Diffraction on a MUCH larger scale. Image sources: (top) Q%201&show=1 Q%201&show=1 Bottom:

Diffraction in Action

Key Terms Wave Mechanics: Part II traveling wave transverse wave longitudinal wave plane waves circular waves Huygen's principle reflection diffraction velocity frequency wavelength

A Day at the Beach Check out the plane waves!!!

Travelling Waves Velocity (v): change in position per change in time v=  x/  t  vT Or… v = f x Animation courtesy of Dr. Dan Russell, Kettering University Wavelength ( ): spatial distance from crest-to- crest Frequency (f): how many times per second one particular point oscillates

t = t o t = t o + T

Travelling waves in ripple tank: high speed video (240 fps) Image from Arbor Scientific Ripple tank image, oblique view

Speed of Sound in Various Bulk Media Material Speed of Sound [m/s] Air (20 C)343 Brass3475 Sea Water1533 Wood~ 3600 Data from: