CELL CYCLE AND MITOSIS Objectives: - to describe the phases on mitosis - to compare the differences between cell division in plant cells and animal cells - to analyze the link between mitosis and cancer

Reasons Why a Cell Would Divide  To repair or heal damaged tissue  For multicellular organisms to grow  To keep cell sizes small for increased efficiency  For reproduction in unicellular organisms

Activity  Brainstorm in at your tables what is needed for a cell to divide.

Reading Assignment  Read Section 10-1, p titled Cell Growth.  Table 1 – Describe to the class “DNA Overload”  Table 2 – Describe to the class “ Exchanging Materials”  Table 3 – Describe to the class “Ratio of Surface Area to Volume”  Table 4 - Describe to the class “Division of the cell”  Complete Worksheet 10-1 “Cell Growth”

Activity  Using your biological intellect, put these slides in order from first to last. Analyze each of the slides and on the slide list what actions you think are taking place.

Put the Slides in Order

The Correct Sequence is …

The Stages of Cell Cycle  The actual division of the cell is broken into 2 stages  Mitosis is the division of the cell nucleus  Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm  In reality the cell cycle is much more complex and is broken into four phases

The Stages of the Cell Cycle  Interphase includes:  G 1 Phase  S Phase  G 2 Phase  M Phase Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

The Stages of Cell Division  Cell Division Video Cell Division Video

G 1 Phase  Cells increase in size  Synthesis of new proteins and organelles

S Phase  Chromosomes replicate and the synthesis of DNA molecules takes place.  DNA Replication  Helicase “unzips” the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases.  Each single strand of the DNA acts as a template.  DNA polymerase allows free floating nucleotides to bond to the single strand of DNA to create two daughter molecules.

S Phase

Activity Draw a DNA triplet with the base sequence ATG on the left side. Make the 5’ the top left.

S Phase  DNA Replication Video DNA Replication Video

G 2 Phase  Centrioles replicate  The proteins required for cell division are produced.

M Phase  Replicated centrioles split and start moving to opposite sides of the cell forming asters.  Nuclear envelop disappears.  Replicated chromatin shortens, thickens and forms chromatid pairs Early Prophase

M Phase  Centrioles have reached opposite poles of the cell  Spindle forms  Plant cells have no centrioles but the mitotic spindle still forms in a similar manner.  Chromatid pairs float throughout the cytoplasm. Late Prophase

M Phase  Chromatid pairs align at the equator of the spindle  Microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the two poles of the spindle. Metaphase

M Phase  Chromatid pairs split  Spindle fibers contract and the single chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles Anaphase

M Phase  Often described as the opposite of prophase  Nuclear envelop reappears  The chromosomes unravel to become chromatin  Cleavage furrow begins to form (cytokinesis) Early Telophase

M Phase  Cleavage furrow completes it’s indentation.  “Mother” cell splits into 2 identical “Daughter” cells in a process called cytokinesis Late Telophase

M Phase  This is the last stage of the cell cycle.  Cytokinesis takes place during telophase.  Cytokinesis starts with the cleavage furrow and continues until the cytoplasm is in two separate parts and two new daughter cells have formed.  In plants a structure referred to as the cell plate forms between the two nuclei.  This cell plate gradually forms into a separating membrane.  A cell wall then begins to form inside the cell plate Cytokinesis

M Phase  Cytokinesis in plants

Activity  Draw a DNA triplet with the base sequence TAG on the left side. Make the 5’ the top left

Summary of Cell Division  Prophase: Replicated chromatin condense into chromatid pair Centrioles move to opposite poles Nuclear envelope disappears Spindle fibers start to form  Metaphase Chromatid pairs line up at the equator  Anaphase Chromatid pairs split Chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle fibers  Telophase Chromosomes de-condense into chromatin Nuclear envelope reappears Cytoplasm is divided into 2 cells Cytokinesis

Try these…. 1. Cells divide to keep cells sizes small for greater _________. 2. As a cell becomes larger its ________ increases faster than its _________. 3. As a cell grows, it places more demands on its _____. 4. Division of the cell nucleus is called ________. 5. Division of the ________ is called cytokinesis. 6. The four phases of the cell cycle are _____, _____, _____and _______. 7. Cells carry out their specialized functions during _______. 8. During the ______, DNA replicates.

9. The enzyme _______ “unzips” the DNA, the enzyme __________attached free floating nucleotides. 10. The ____________breaks down during prophase 11. Spindle fibers contract and the single chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles during _________. 12. During metaphase, _________align at the equator of the spindle 13. Chromosomes unravel to become chromatin during ________.

Try these…. 1. Cells divide to keep cells sizes small for greater efficiency. 2. As a cell becomes larger its volume increases faster than its surface area. 3. As a cell grows, it places more demands on its DNA. 4. Division of the cell nucleus is called mitosis. 5. Division of the cytoplasm is called cytokinesis. 6. The four phases of the cell cycle are G 1 phase, S phase, G 2 phase and M phase. 7. Cells carry out their specialized functions during G 1 phase. 8. During the S phase, DNA replicates.

9. The enzyme helicase “unzips” the DNA, the enzyme DNA polymerase attached free floating nucleotides. 10. The nuclear envelope breaks down during prophase 11. Spindle fibers contract and the single chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles during anaphase. 12. During metaphase, chromatid pairs align at the equator of the spindle 13. Chromosomes unravel to become chromatin during telophase.

 I don't watch television when I can talk about Cell Division! I don't watch television when I can talk about Cell Division!

G 0 Phase  Certain cells lose their ability to divide.  They do not replicate their centrioles.  They enter the Gap 0 stage  Examples are neurons of the spinal cord / brain cells

Mitosis in Plant Cells

Mitosis in Animal and Plant Cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells

Cancer  Starts with a single cell that loses its control mechanisms due to a genetic mutation (mistakes in DNA replication)  Can be caused naturally or by carcinogens (i.e.: tobacco smoke, chemicals, etc.)  That cell starts dividing without limit, possibly killing the host (without treatment)

Cancer Cancer Treatment  Three basic treatments:  Surgery to remove cancer  Radiation to kill affected cells  New drugs are becoming available (Chemotherapy)  It is hard to remove cancer (tumors often lack clear boundaries)  Some tumors are very small and are found throughout the body (advanced stages)  Radiation and chemotherapy are aimed at killing cancer cells  The body then has to replace those dead cells which requires a lot of energy  Therefore treatment must be balanced with overall patient health  Unfortunately due to natural selection cancer that seems to have disappeared can come back in the future in a form that is resistant to the radiation / chemotherapy  Using multiple drugs can decrease the risk of relapse  Multiple drugs decrease the probability of cells acquiring immunity

Another Type of Cell Division - Meiosis  Special cell division that produces Haploid sex cells  Consists of one replication and two cell divisions