PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 2 Basic Chemistry

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Matter and Energy  Matter—anything that occupies space and has mass (weight) - solids, liquids, gases - physical changes- __________________ -chemical changes -__________________  Energy—the ability to do work  Chemical  Electrical  Mechanical  Radiant

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Composition of Matter  __________—fundamental units of matter  96% of the body is made from four elements  Carbon (C)  Oxygen (O)  Hydrogen (H)  Nitrogen (N)  ________—building blocks of elements

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Atomic Structure  Nucleus  Protons (p + )  Neutrons (n 0 )  Outside of nucleus  Electrons (e - ) – an atom that gains or loses an e- is called an _________ Figure 2.1

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Atomic Structure of Smallest Atoms Figure 2.2

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Identifying Elements  Atomic number—equal to the number of protons that the atom contains  Atomic mass number—sum of the protons and neutrons

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Isotopes and Atomic Weight  Isotopes  Have the same number of_________  Vary in number of_________ Figure 2.3

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Isotopes and Atomic Weight  Atomic weight  average  average masses of naturally occurring isotopes  Atomic weight reflects natural isotope variation

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Radioactivity  Radioisotope  Heavy isotope  Tends to be unstable  Decomposes to more stable isotope  Radioactivity—process of spontaneous atomic decay

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Molecules and Compounds  Molecule—two or more ______atoms combined chemically  Compound—two or more ______atoms combined chemically Figure 2.4

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Reactions  Atoms are united by chemical bonds  Atoms dissociate from other atoms when chemical bonds are broken

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Electrons and Bonding  Electrons occupy energy levels called electron shells  Electrons closest to the nucleus are most strongly attracted  Each shell has distinct properties  The number of electrons has an upper limit  Shells closest to the nucleus fill first

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Electrons and Bonding  Bonding involves interactions between electrons in the outer shell (______shell)  Full valence shells do not form bonds

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inert Elements  Atoms are stable (_____) when the outermost shell is complete  How to fill the atom’s shells  Shell 1 can hold a maximum of 2 electrons  Shell 2 can hold a maximum of 8 electrons  Shell 3 can hold a maximum of 18 electrons

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inert Elements  Atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons to complete their outermost orbitals and reach a stable state  Rule of eights  Atoms are considered stable when their outermost orbital has 8 electrons  The exception to this rule of eights is_____, which can only hold __ electrons

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inert Elements Figure 2.5a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.5b Reactive Elements  Valence shells are not full and are unstable  Tend to gain, lose, or share electrons  Allow for bond formation, which produces stable valence

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Bonds (4 types - 1 of 4)  Ionic bonds  Form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another  Ions  Charged particles  _______are negative  _______are positive  Either donate or accept electrons

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Bonds (4 types - 2 and 3 of 4)  Covalent bonds (polar and nonpolar)  Atoms become stable through shared electrons  Single covalent bonds share one pair of electrons  Double covalent bonds share two pairs of electrons

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Polarity (covalent bonds con’t)  Covalently bonded molecules  Some are non-polar  Electrically neutral as a molecule  Some are polar  Have a positive and negative side Figure 2.8

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Bonds (4 types – 4 of 4)  Hydrogen bonds  ________ chemical bonds  Hydrogen is attracted to the negative portion of polar molecule  O or N ----H----e- hungry atom  Surface tension in water  __________ bonds

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hydrogen Bonds Figure 2.9

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Patterns of Chemical Reactions  Synthesis reaction (A + B  AB)  Atoms or molecules combine  Energy is absorbed for bond formation  ______ reaction  Decomposition reaction (AB  A + B)  Molecule is broken down  Chemical energy is released  _______reaction

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions Figure 2.10a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions Figure 2.10b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Patterns of Chemical Reactions  Exchange reaction (AB + C  AC + B)  Involves both synthesis and decomposition reactions  Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Patterns of Chemical Reactions Figure 2.10c

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biochemistry: Essentials for Life  Organic compounds  Contain carbon  Larger – lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, ___________  EXCEPTIONS: CO, CO2, HCO3  Inorganic compounds  Lack carbon  Tend to be simpler compounds  Example: H 2 O (water), salt

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Water  Most abundant inorganic compound  Vital properties  High heat capacity  Polarity/solvent properties  Chemical reactivity  ____________

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Salts  Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water  Vital to many body functions  Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dissociation of a Salt in Water Figure 2.11

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Acids  Release hydrogen ions (H + )  Are proton_______  Bases  Release hydroxyl ions (OH – )  Are proton_______  Neutralization reaction  Acids and bases react to form water and a salt

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.12 pH  Measures relative concentration of _____ions  pH 7 = neutral  pH below 7 = acidic  pH above 7 = basic  Buffers—chemicals that can regulate pH change

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Carbohydrates  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Include sugars and starches  Classified according to size  ____________—simple sugars  Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis  Polysaccharides—long-branching chains of linked simple sugars

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Figure 2.13a–b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Figure 2.13c

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Figure 2.14

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Lipids  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen  Insoluble in water

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids  Common lipids in the human body  Neutral fats (_________)  Found in fat deposits  Composed of fatty acids and glycerol  Source of stored energy  Saturated v. unsaturated  Transfats- H added to C at double bond sites

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids Figure 2.15a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids  Common lipids in the human body (continued)  Phospholipids  Form cell membranes  Steroids  Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids Figure 2.15b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.15c Lipids  Cholesterol  The basis for all steroids made in the body

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Proteins  Made of amino acids  Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur Figure 2.16

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins  Account for over half of the body’s organic matter  Provide for construction materials for body tissues  Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins  Amino acid structure  Contain an amine group (NH 2 )  Contain an acid group (COOH)  Vary only by R groups

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.17a Proteins  Fibrous proteins  Also known as _____proteins  Appear in body structures  Examples include collagen and keratin  Stable

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.17b Proteins  Globular proteins  Also known as ______proteins  Function as antibodies or enzymes  Can be denatured

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.18a Enzymes  Act as biological catalysts  Increase the rate of chemical reactions

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Enzymes Figure 2.18b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Nucleic Acids  Provide blueprint of life  3 Basic parts: 1. Base 2. Phosphate group 3. 5 C sugar  Make ____and RNA Figure 2.19a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)  Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix  Replicates before cell division  Provides instructions for every protein in the body Figure 2.19c

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)  Chemical energy used by all cells  Energy is released by breaking high energy ______bond  ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Figure 2.20a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure ADP Solute Contracted muscle cell Product made Relaxed muscle cell Reactants Transport work Mechanical work Chemical work Membrane protein Solute transported Energy liberated during oxidation of food fuels used to regenerate ATP ATP P P P X Y (a) (b) (c) YX P P +