Chapter 5 Introduction to Valuation: The Time Value of Money 5.1Future Value and Compounding 5.2Present Value and Discounting 5.3More on Present and Future Values 5.4Summary and Conclusions

Vigdis BoassonMgf 301 School of Management, SUNY at Buffalo Given r, the interest rate, every $1 today will produce (1+r) of future value (FV).  1.$110 = $100 x (1 +.10)  2.$121 = $110 x (1 +.10) = $100 x 1.1 x 1.1 = $100 x  3.$ = $121 x (1 +.10) = $100 x 1.1 x 1.1 x 1.1 =$100 x (1+.10) 3 In general, the future value, FV t, of $1 invested today at r% for t periods is FV t = $1 x (1 + r) t The expression (1 + r) t is the future value interest factor. 5.2 Future Value for a Lump Sum

Vigdis BoassonMgf 301 School of Management, SUNY at Buffalo 5.2 Future Value for a Lump Sum (continued) Q.Deposit $5,000 today in an account paying 12%. How much will you have in 6 years? How much is simple interest? How much is compound interest? A.Multiply the $5000 by the future value interest factor: $5000 (1 + r) t = $5000 x _ = $5000 x = $ At 12%, the simple interest is.12 x $5000 = $600 per year. After 6 years, this is 6 x $600 = $3600 ; the difference between compound and simple interest is thus $ $3600 = $

Vigdis BoassonMgf 301 School of Management, SUNY at Buffalo 5.2 Future Value for a Lump Sum (concluded) Basic Vocabulary:  1.The expression (1 + r) t is called the future value interest factor or FVIF  2.The r is usually called the Compound interest rate  3.The approach is often called compounding

Vigdis BoassonMgf 301 School of Management, SUNY at Buffalo 5.3 Example 1. In 1934, a book was sold for $3.37. By 1996, it was sold for $7,500. What is the annually compounded rate of increase in the value of the book?  Set this up as a future value (FV) problem. Future value = $7,500 Present value = $3.37 t = = 62 years

Vigdis BoassonMgf 301 School of Management, SUNY at Buffalo 5.3 Example 1 (concluded) FV = PV x (1 + r) t $7,500 = $3.37 x (1 + r) 62 (1 + r) 62 = $7,500/3.37 = 2, Solve for r: r = (2,225.52) 1/ =.1324 = %

Vigdis BoassonMgf 301 School of Management, SUNY at Buffalo 5.4 Example 2-Interest Q. You have just won a $1 million jackpot in the state lottery. You can buy a 10 year certificate of deposit which pays 6% compounded annually. Alternatively, you can give the $1 million to your brother-in-law, who promises to pay you 6% simple interest annually over the 10 year period. Which alternative will provide you with more money at the end of ten years?

Vigdis BoassonMgf 301 School of Management, SUNY at Buffalo 5.4 Example 2-Interest cont. A. FV of the CD: $1 million x (1.06) 10 = $1,790, FV of the investment with your brother-in-law: $1 million + $1 million (.06)(10) = $1,600,000. The difference is: $191,000.

Vigdis BoassonMgf 301 School of Management, SUNY at Buffalo 5.5 Future Value of $100 at 10 Percent (Table 5.1) Year Beginning Amount Interest Earned Ending Amount 1 $100.00$10.00$ Total interest $61.05

Vigdis BoassonMgf 301 School of Management, SUNY at Buffalo 5.6 Example 3. Suppose you are currently 21 years old, and can earn 10 percent on your money. How much must you invest today in order to accumulate $1 million by the time you reach age 65? FV = $1 millionr = 10% t = = 44 yearsPV = ?

Vigdis BoassonMgf 301 School of Management, SUNY at Buffalo 5.6 Example 3. Cont. Set this up as a future value equation and solve for the present value: $1 million = PV x (1.10) 44 PV = $1 million/(1.10) 44 = $15,091.

Vigdis BoassonMgf 301 School of Management, SUNY at Buffalo Q.Suppose you need $20,000 in 3 years to pay your college tuition. If you can earn 8% on your money, how much do you need today? A.FV = $20,000, r = (8%), t= 3,t = 3 FV t = PV x (1 + r) t $20,000= PV x (1.08) 3 Rearranging: PV = $20,000/(1.08) 3 = $15,877 In general, the present value, PV, of a $1 to be received in t periods when the rate is r is: $1 PV = (1 + r ) t 5.7 Example 4.

Vigdis BoassonMgf 301 School of Management, SUNY at Buffalo 5.7 Present Value for a Lump Sum (concluded) Basic Vocabulary:  1.The expression 1/(1 + r) t is called the present value interest factor or, more often, the PVIF.  2.The r is usually called the discount rate.  3.The approach is often called discounting.

Vigdis BoassonMgf 301 School of Management, SUNY at Buffalo 5.8 Present Value of $1 for Different Periods and Rates (Figure 5.3) Present value of $1 ($) Time (years) r = 0% r = 5% r = 10% r = 15% r = 20%

Vigdis BoassonMgf 301 School of Management, SUNY at Buffalo 5.9 Example 5. Suppose you deposit $5000 today in an account paying r percent per year. If you will get $10,000 in 10 years, what rate of return are you being offered?  Set this up as present value equation:  FV = $10,000PV = $ 5,000t = 10 years PV = FV t /(1 + r) t $5000 = $10,000/(1 + r) 10  Now solve for r: ( 1 + r) 10 = $10,000/$5,000 = 2.00 r = (2.00) 1/ =.0718 = 7.18%

Vigdis BoassonMgf 301 School of Management, SUNY at Buffalo 5.11 Summary of Time Value Calculations (Table 5.4) I. Symbols: PV = Present value, what future cash flows are worth today FV t = Future value, what cash flows are worth in the future r = Interest rate, rate of return, or discount rate per period t = number of periods C = cash amount II. Future value of C dollars invested at r percent per period for t periods: FV t = C  (1 + r) t The term (1 + r) t is called the future value interest factor and often abbreviated FVIF r,t or FVIF(r,t).

Vigdis BoassonMgf 301 School of Management, SUNY at Buffalo 5.11 Summary of Time Value Calculations (concluded) III. Present value of C dollars to be received in t periods at r percent per period: PV = C/(1 + r) t The term 1/(1 + r) t is called the present value interest factor and is often abbreviated PVIF r,t or PVIF(r,t). IV. The basic present equation giving the relationship between present and future value is: PV = FV t /(1 + r) t