Contrast Microscopy Koehler Illumination Dark Field Phase Contrast Differential Interference Contrast Hoffman Modulation.

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Presentation transcript:

Contrast Microscopy Koehler Illumination Dark Field Phase Contrast Differential Interference Contrast Hoffman Modulation

Phase Contrast Images BrightfieldPhase Contrast

Phase Contrast Microscopy F. Zernike, 1930s

Phase Contrast Microscopy

Phase Contrast Images BrightfieldPhase Contrast

Contrast Microscopy Koehler Illumination Dark Field Phase Contrast Differential Interference Contrast Hoffman Modulation

DIC (Nomarski) Images Phase Contrast Nomarski Optics

James Maxwell ( ) Electromagnetism Electromagnetic Theory of Light

Wave Nature of Light Under some conditions, light behaves as an electromagnetic wave (Maxwell, 1855). In this model, electric and magnetic fields oscillate perpendicular to one another and to the direction of propagation of the light wave.

Refractive Polarization David Brewster ( ) Brewster Angle [53 o - 56 o]

Optical Birefringence

Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

DIC Phase Contrast

Phase Contrast DIC

Hoffman Modulation

Hoffman Modulation Images