Glacial Modification of Terrain

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Presentation transcript:

Glacial Modification of Terrain Chapter 19 Glacial Modification of Terrain

Glacial Modification of Terrain Glaciations Past and Present Types of Glaciers How Glaciers Form Continental Ice Sheets Mountain Glaciers The Periglacial Environment

Pleistocene Glaciation At maximum covered 1/3 of total land surface The Laurentide ice was the most extensive Pleistocene ice mass

Extent of Glacial Ice Today 10% of land surface

Indirect Effects of Pleistocene Glaciation Erosion & deopostion from meltwater Sea-level change: cooling lowered – warming raised Isostacy or rebound i.e. crustal depression Increased rain developments: more moisture available – more lakes

Types of Glaciers Continental Ice Sheets Mountain Glaciers Confined Highland Icefields Alpine Glaciers Confined Unconfined

Continental Ice Sheet - Greenland Completely inundate all terrain Spread outward in all directions Because of size, may influence climate Unconfined

Outlet Glacier Along margin of sheet Continental Along margin of sheet Between hills or mountains to the sea

Antarctica – Sheet vs. Shelf Continental - Unconfined

Larsen Ice Shelf - Calving

Mountain - Highland Icefields

Confined Glaciers Piedmont Cirque Valley

Alpine Glaciers Valley Cirque

How Glaciers Form Changing Snow to Ice Glacial Movement Erosion by Glaciers Transportation by Glaciers Deposition Glaciers Meltwater

How Glaciers Form Three parameters important to ice sheet waxing and waning: Changes in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit Changes in the tilt of the Earth's axis The precession of the equinoxes In combination, these factors influence the amount and distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth. Changes vary with both latitude and season. Changes in the amount of solar radiation drive the growth and melting of major ice sheets.

Snow to Ice Snow crystallizes directly from water vapor It is NOT frozen water It is 1/10 as dense as water Compressed to granular form 1/5 Then to ½ density Called Neve or Firn With time, to 9/10 Blue glacial ice

Accumulation and Ablation Figure 19-9

Glacial Movement Glacial ice deforms rather than breaks Partial melting allows it to slide

Glacial Till

Glacial Erratic

Continental Ice Sheets Development and Flow Erosion by Ice Sheets Deposition by Ice Sheets Kames and Kettles Moraines Drumlins Glaciofluvial features Outwash Plains, Eskers, and Kames

Ice Sheet Deposition

Kames and Kettles Kame Kettle Formation

Growth of a Terminal Moraine

Mountain Glaciers Development and Flow Erosion by Mountain Glaciers Mountain Landforms Cirques, Arretes, Horns Tarns Valley Landforms Glacial Trough Paternoster Lakes Hanging Valleys Deposition by Mountain Glaciers

Mt. Rainier, WA

Cirques Figures 19-26 and 19-27

Mountain Landform Development Figure 19-28

Glacial Trough

Glaciated Valleys

Medial Moraines Figure 19-38

Moraines in Mountains

Outwash Deposition Ice prevented outwash deposition in Wellfleet Harbor

Cape Cod Glaciation

Outwash Plain Greenland Glacial Boulder Eastham, MA

Glacial Erosion Cape Cod present pattern of erosion 6,000 years ago Before wave erosion Present pattern of erosion

Cape Cod Geology

Aerial Greenland Ice Cap