Immuunsuse evolutsioonist 2012.02.20 Jüri Parik. Piirid Bakterid-restriktaasid Seened-antibiootikumid-kaitse või rünnak? Aktinomütseedid ja linnud-biotiini.

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Presentation transcript:

Immuunsuse evolutsioonist Jüri Parik

Piirid Bakterid-restriktaasid Seened-antibiootikumid-kaitse või rünnak? Aktinomütseedid ja linnud-biotiini kõrvaldamine.Avidiin ja streptavidiin

Restriktaasid ja metülaasid bakteritel ja arheadel Oma DNA metüleeritakse, võõras restrikteeritakse ( teada üle 3000, toodetakse umbes 600)

Avidiin ja streptavidiin- tetrameersed valgud ülikõrge afiinsusega vitamiin biotiini suhtes biotiin Kd ≈ M

Ainuraksed 1.Anaeroobsus, tsüstide moodustamine, tsüklopeptiidid ja tsüklolipiidid,erinevate arengutüüpide esinemine (malaaria tekitaja)

algloom Plasmodium falciparum elutsükkel Emase sääse hammustus – sporozoid vere kaudu inimese maksarakkudesse, paljuneb – merozoidid lähevad uutesse maksarakkudesse ja vereringesse, sisenevad erütrotsüütidesse ja lõhuvad neid

Kaasasündinud (Innate) immuunsus barjäärid Füüsilised:nahk,kitiinkest,munakoor,lima.., temperatuur...,liikuv ripsepiteel, köha Keemilised: pH,lagundavad ensüümid (lüsotsüüm), defensiinid...

Mille või kelle eest peab katsma immuunsus ? pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)- patogeeniga seotud molekulaarne muster pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) mustrit ära tundvad retseptorid self and nonself (SNS) oma ja võõras infectious nonself (INS) nakkuslik võõras

Conserved pathways in innate immunity in Drosophila and mammals. Examples chosen are, left, the induction of the antifungal gene drosomycin by binding of processed Spaetzle protein to the transmembrane receptor Toll and, right, activation of costimulatory protein genes by binding of a LPS-LBP-CD14 complex to a human Toll homolog, TLR4. DD, death domain; KD, kinase domain; LRR, leucine-rich domain; TIR, Toll/IL-1 receptor homology domain

Figure. TIR domain in host-defence pathways. The Toll/interelukin-1 (IL-1) receptor (TIR) domain is a protein-interaction module found in transmembrane and cytoplasmic proteins involved in animal and plant immunity. RPP5, N and L6 are prototypic examples of intracellular plant-disease-resistance proteins that contain an amino-terminal TIR domain as well as a nucleotide (ATP or GTP)-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains. Drosophila has two types of protein with TIR domains: Tolls and MyD88. At least one out of nine Tolls in Drosophila, as well as MyD88, are involved in host defence. Toll is activated by a proteolytically processed form of the Spätzle protein. The cleavage of Spätzle is triggered by an unknown pattern-recognition molecule responsive for fungal and Gram-positive bacterial pathogens (see text for details). Mammals have at least four types of proteins with TIR domains: members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) families, MyD88 and TIRAP (TIR domain-containing adaptor protein). In TLRs and IL-1Rs, the TIR domain is carboxy-terminal to LRRs and immunoglobulin domains, respectively. Both mammalian and Drosophila MyD88 contain carboxy-terminal TIR domains and amino-terminal death domains and function as adaptor proteins. TIRAP is another adaptor protein that does not have a Drosophila homologue. TIR has a carboxy-terminal TIR domain, but lacks a death domain. The amino-terminal region of TIRAP does not share similarity with any known protein. PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern.

akronüüme PPRs -pattern recognition receptor-mustrit äratundev retseptor TLRs -Toll like receptor PAMPs - patogen associated molecular pattern- patogeeniga seotud molekulaarne muster NLRs –cytosolic(NOD nucleotide binding and oligomerisation domaine) like receptor- bakterite äratundmiseks RLRs - RIG-(retinoic acid inducible gen1) like receptor- viiruste äratundmiseks CLRs –C type lectin receptor-seente äratundmiseks

DSCAM- Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule Äädikakärbsel alternatiivse splaisingu varianti geenis Dscam1

Omandatud ehk adaptiivne immunsus Lümfotsüüdid ja nende spetsiifilised retseptorid B lümfotsüüdid-immuunoglobuliinid (sekreteerituna antikehad) T lümfotsüüdid -TCR retseptorid Antigeeni esitlevad rakud ja MHC I ja MHC II Immunoloogiline mälu-see on B jaT lümfotsüütide klonaalne proliferatsioon

Imetajate tekkega seotud immunoloogilisi probleeme Loode-oma/võõras? NK rakkude vaigistamine Emakas-viiruste ja kasvajate sagedasem esinemine Platsentaarne barjäär-IgA ja piim

Kaasasündinud kaitse näide interferoonide abil Interferoonid kutsuvad esile nakatunu raku apoptoosi ja aktiveerivad lähedalolevad rakud

Imetajadputukadtaimed

Solenodon cubanus Solenodon cubanus †Solenodon marcanoi Solenodon paradoxusSolenodon marcanoi Solenodon paradoxus Ornithorhynchus anatinus Defensiinid Verniks-  Defensiin

Sfenistsiin Defensiin, mis ei lase toidul pingviini maos mitme nädala jooksul rikneda

Teeta( θ ) defensiinid teeta-defensiini inimesel ei sünteesita, geen on muutunud pseudogeeniks retrocyclin, mis on saadud selle pseudogeeni aktiveerimisel, inhibeerib viiruse HIV-1 rakku sisenemise.

Biloogiline versus sotsiaalne evolutsioon Meditsiin- ravimresistentsuse teke, enneagsus, allergiad, muud ülitundlikus reaktsioonid, haiguste levikuteede muutused Põllumajandus –koduloomad ja nende haigused...

Common NameScientific Name North American House Dust Mite Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes European House Dust Mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart) Beds are a prime habitat (where 1/3 of life occurs). A typical used mattress may have anywhere from 100,000 to 10 million mites inside. (Ten percent of the weight of a two year old pillow can be composed of dead mites and their droppings.) Mites prefer warm, moist surroundings such as the inside of a mattress when someone is on it. A favorite food is dander (both human and animal skin flakes). Humans shed about 1/5 ounce of dander (dead skin) each week. About 80 percent of the material seen floating in a sunbeam is actually skin flakes. Also, bedroom carpeting and household upholstery support high mite populations.

Mycobacterium bovis Mycobacterium tuberculosis

geneetilise polümorfismi üliolulisus Kõik viirused, mis pääsevad rakku, on eelnevalt nn.spetsiifilisele retseptorile seostunud- näiteks. HIV1-CD4 ja CCR5

Viiruste poolt erinevate endotsütoosi mehhanismide kasutamine eukarüoodi rakku pääsemiseks

Hepatiidi viirus C rakku sisenemine

Oma või võõras Inimesel –MHC I, MHC II- HLA üle 4000 alleeli erineva 6 lookuses Hiir-H2

Botryllus schlosseri. allorecognition locus (Fu/HC) - sadu erinevaid alleele

miRNA ohtralt ssRNA molekule igas rakus, mõni tuhat kuni 40,000 molekuli raku kohta kõikides metazoa liikides 0.5-1% kõigist geenidest miRNA reguleerib erinevaid geene ja ei ole täielikult komplementaarne sajad erinevad mRNAd võiva olla reguleeritud ühe miRNA poolt Tavaliselt on mitmeid seostumiskohti 3’ UTR piirkonnas ja erinevad miRNA molekulid saavad sinna seostuda.