Manchester April The Structure of Radio Sources The Molonglo Papers The Structure of Radio Sources The Molonglo Papers Resolving the Sky with radio interferometry 18 – 20 April 2012 Bruce McAdam University of Sydney 18 – 20 April 2012

Manchester April Astrophysics Group In 1961 by 1970 add In 1961 by 1970 add Bernard Mills Michael Large Alec Little Tony Turtle Arthur Watkinson Hugh Murdoch Bruce McAdam Dave Crawford Terry ButcherAlan Le Marne Mick White Jack Howes John Horne John Horne

Manchester April Molonglo Radio Observatory from the North

Manchester April The Centre of the Cross The continuous NS arm makes a 15m gap in the EW arm

Manchester April two halves spaced halves phase switched cross total power interferometer cross correlation NS * EW two halves spaced halves phase switched cross total power interferometer cross correlation NS * EW

Manchester April MOST Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope E * W MOST Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope E * W

Manchester April Evolution of Cross & Molonglo Telescopes MHz Mills Cross at Fleurs MHz Mills Cross at Fleurs MHz Molonglo Cross MHz Molonglo Cross  Pencil Beams: (2.8 arcmin)  EW beams produce 33 pencil beams 1968 – 1972 The Schilizzi period1968 – 1972 The Schilizzi period

Manchester April Evolution of Cross & Molonglo Telescopes MHz Molonglo Cross MHz Molonglo Cross Resolution of contemporary Telescopes Molonglo 408 MHz 0 – 1065 pencil CrossMolonglo 408 MHz 0 – 1065 pencil Cross 0 – 2130 EW fan beam 0 – 2130 EW fan beam Parkes 408 MHz 190 – 665 interferometerParkes 408 MHz 190 – 665 interferometer 1401 MHz MHz Cambridge 4080 – 2040one mile synthesisCambridge 4080 – 2040one mile synthesis Owens Valley – 2300 intererometerOwens Valley – 2300 intererometer

Manchester April Evolution of Cross & Molonglo Telescopes MHz Mills Cross at Fleurs MHz Mills Cross at Fleurs MHz Molonglo Cross MHz Molonglo Cross  Pencil Beams: (2.8 arcmin)  EW beams produce 33 pencil beams August - the Cross switched off August - the Cross switched off 1981 MOST - E *W 12 h synthesis 2.7 ° field1981 MOST - E *W 12 h synthesis 2.7 ° field 2009 SKAMP - the SKA Molonglo Prototype2009 SKAMP - the SKA Molonglo Prototype

Manchester April the first 10 PhD Students Thesis TopicYear Thesis TopicYear  John Sutton positions and calibration 1966  Mike Kesteven Supernova Remnants1968  David Wyllie 408 MHz Absolute Flux Scale 1968  Peter Shaver Galactic HII Regions 1970  Malcolm Cameron Bright Galaxies1970  Trevor Clarke Source models & angular size 1971  Bob Munro Positions & ID of 4C Sources 1971  Dick Hunstead Calibration & Optical ID 1972  Anne Green Spiral Structure of the Galaxy 1972  Dick Schilizzi Extragalactic Source Structure 1972

Manchester April The Molonglo Papers Richard Schilizzi ’s first 1. March 1969 Schilizzi & McAdam Proc ASA 1, Observations of Double Sources Resolved at 408 MHz. Observations of Double Sources Resolved at 408 MHz. Two sources Two sources and Examples of 32 doubles from observations of 190 suspected extended or confused

Manchester April The Molonglo Papers Schilizzi & McAdam Proc ASA 1, Extra-galactic Radio Sources with Extended Structure. Extra-galactic Radio Sources with Extended Structure. Five bright sources - all complex sructure ie not simple doubles Five bright sources - all complex sructure ie not simple doubles NGC m galaxy m E galaxy m galaxy m I C Fax record during observation

Manchester April Richard Schilizzi The Molonglo Papers Schilizzi, Lockhart & Wall Aust J Phys 25, Observations of the Radio Source PKS at 5000, 408 and 80 MHz. Observations of the Radio Source PKS at 5000, 408 and 80 MHz. NGC 545 – m db pair in Abell cluster A194 The first of Richard’s international collaborations

Manchester April The Molonglo Papers Tritton & Schilizzi MNRAS 165, Identification of Extended Southern Radio Sources. Identification of Extended Southern Radio Sources. The next international collaboration - after leaving Sydney The next international collaboration - after leaving Sydney m galaxy m D galaxy z = m E galaxy z = m E galaxy m UV object

Manchester April The Molonglo Papers Schilizzi & Ekers A & A Lett 40, Radio Tail Source Associated with NGC Radio Tail Source Associated with NGC 7385.

Manchester April The Molonglo Papers Richard Schilizzi’s Thesis Papers Schilizzi & McAdam Mem. RAS 79, 1-73 Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - I. The Radio Structures Schilizzi Mem. RAS 79, Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - II The Optical Fields This volume of the Memoirs was the major part of Richard’s thesis. A survey of extended sources over the southern sky : 116 sources +18 ° to - 80 ° declination; S > 1.5 Jy; size 2 – 15’. The optical fields of 114 sources yielded 34 new identifications and positions of 234 objects in 86 radio fields to 0.5” and positions of 234 objects in 86 radio fields to 0.5”

Manchester April IC MHz m E0 galaxy NGC MHz m E0 galaxy Two favourite structures With the Molonglo Cross - EW * NS 2.8 arcmin pencil beam

Manchester April Later, by 1983 using 4 x resolution with the MOST E * W synthesis 843 MHz 43 arcsec pencil beam Jones & McAdam

Manchester April The last of Richard’s Molonglo Papers –. McAdam & Schilizzi A & A 55, Low brightness Low brightness Head-tail source Head-tail source Is it associated Is it associated with NGC 5419, with NGC 5419, the E galaxy? the E galaxy? MOST 43” On the Radio Structure and Spectrum of

Manchester April Richard Schilizzi The eight Molonglo Papers Schilizzi & McAdam Proc ASA 1, Observations of Double Sources Resolved at 408 MHz. Observations of Double Sources Resolved at 408 MHz Schilizzi & McAdam Proc ASA 1, Extra-galactic Radio Sources with Extended Structure. Extra-galactic Radio Sources with Extended Structure Schilizzi, Lockhart & Wall Aust J Phys 25, Observations of the Radio Source PKS at 5000, 408 and 80 MHz. Observations of the Radio Source PKS at 5000, 408 and 80 MHz. (1972 Thesis Structures of Extragalactic Radio Sources) Tritton & Schilizzi MNRAS 165, Identification of Extended Southern Radio Sources. Identification of Extended Southern Radio Sources Schilizzi & Ekers A & A Lett 40, Radio Tail Source Associated with NGC Radio Tail Source Associated with NGC Schilizzi & McAdam Mem. RAS 79, 1-73 Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - I. The Radio Structures. Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - I. The Radio Structures Schilizzi Mem. RAS 79, Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - II The Optical Fields Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - II The Optical Fields McAdam & Schilizzi A & A 55, On the Radio Structure and Spectrum of On the Radio Structure and Spectrum of

Manchester April other significant papers Miller Goss & Peter Shaver Galactic Structure I High Resolution 5000 MHz Observations II High Resolution 408 MHz Observations III Spectra and physical characteristics Aust. J, Physics Astrophys. Supp Aust. J, Physics Astrophys. Supp Anne Green The Structure of the Milky Way I A Radio Continuum Survey of the Galactic Plane at 408 MHz Astron. Astrophys. Supp Astron. Astrophys. Supp

Manchester April Shaver & Goss The Galactic Plane line profiles l = contours of the same region

Manchester April Anne Green Spiral Structure of the Galaxy from a Radio Continuum Survey one of 16 maps along the plane from l MOST 843 MHz

Manchester April Anne Green Anne Green 12.5 spiral 12.5 spiral The sun is located in a spur, and the tangent directions from the present Survey are marked

Manchester April Fornax A One of the first large sources mapped in 1981 Jones & McAdam MOST: 43” beam

Manchester April & 30 years on... Richard Schilizzi Anne Green Peter Shaver Richard Hunstead July 2003 Bernard Mills

Manchester April Evolution of Cross & Molonglo Telescopes  MHz Mills Cross at Fleurs  MHz Molonglo Cross  Pencil Beams:  xEW beams; 33 pencil beams The Schilizzi period The Schilizzi period 1978 August: 408 Cross switched off 1981 MOST - E *W 12 h Synthesis 2009 SKAMP - the SKA Molonglo Prototype

Manchester April The Molonglo valley towards SE 0.8 x 0.8 km baselines from centre 0.8 x 0.8 km baselines from centre The Observatory Site

Manchester April The line focus of the EW Arm 408 MHz waveguides 111 MHz folded dipoles linear dipoles and feed lines

Manchester April NS modules each had 24 dipoles: 4248 phased in a gradient of n x 9/24° steps

Manchester April In 1965 The EW Fan beam was ready In 1965 The EW Fan beam was ready Terry Butcher on the cantilever ribsTerry Butcher on the cantilever ribs

Manchester April The End - thank you Bernard Mills in 1995

Manchester April The eight first papers by Richard Schilizzi  R. T. Schilizzi and W. B. McAdam,1969Proc Astron. Soc. Aust., 1,  Observations of Double Sources Resolved at 408 MHz.  R. T. Schilizzi and W. B. McAdam,1970Proc Astron. Soc. Aust., 1,  Extra-galactic Radio Sources with Extended Structure.  R. T. Schilizzi, I. A. Lockhart and J. V. Wall,1972Aust. J. Phys., 25,  Observations of the Radio Source PKS at 5000, 408 and 80 MHz.  K. P. Tritton and R. T. Schilizzi 1973Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 165,  Identification of Extended Southern Radio Sources.  R. T. Schilizzi and R. D. Ekers,1975Astron. Astrophys. Lett., 40,  Radio Tail Source Associated with NGC  R. T. Schilizzi and W. B. McAdam,1975Mem. R. Astron. Soc., 79, 1-73  Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - I. The Radio Structures.  R. T. Schilizzi, 1975Mem. R. Astron. Soc., 79,  Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - II. The Optical Fields.  W. B. McAdam and R. T. Schilizzi, 1977Astron. Astrophys., 55,  On the Radio Structure and Spectrum of

Manchester April plus the first PhD Students Thesis Topic Year Papers Thesis Topic Year Papers  John Sutton positions & occultations  Mike Kesteven Super nova Remnants  David Wyllie 408 MHz Absolute Flux Scale  Peter Shaver Galactic HII Regions  Malcolm Cameron Bright Galaxies  Trevor Clarke Source models & angular size  Bob Munro Positions & ID of 4C Sources  Dick Hunstead Calibration & Optical ID  Anne Green Spiral Structure of Galactic Plane  Dick Schilizzi Extragalactic Source Structure

Manchester April Specifications and Performance of the MOST  Centre frequency843 MHz  Effective bandwidth3 MHz  Time resolution0.5 microsec  Declination coverage to -90 For full HA synthesis-30 to -90For full HA synthesis-30 to -90  Meridian angle swing 60 deg  Field size For full synthesis 23’ x 23’ cosec decFor full synthesis 23’ x 23’ cosec dec Time shared 160’ x 160’ cosec decTime shared 160’ x 160’ cosec dec  Synthesized beam43” x 43” cosec dec  System temperature110 K  System noise (far south, 12 hour) 0.2 mJy