The Epic, Epic Hero, and Beowulf Anglo-Saxon England
Epic Hero Superhero Brave, strong, good Usually high social status Important in his people’s history “Larger-than-life” (Superman, ex) Embodies the ideals of his people
The Epic Tale LONG narrative poem Formal language Tells the story of the Epic Hero Most not written; told by storytellers, called scops (shopes), and gleemen (or “singers of tales”), probably accompanied by music Very few complete written epics survive
Plots of Epics Involve Supernatural events Long time periods; Distant journeys Life & death struggles between good and evil Hero: ALWAYS REPRESENTS GOOD Forces that threaten the people: ALWAYS REPRESENT EVIL Defeat of evil determines fate of nation
The Anglo-Saxon Epic Hero: Anglo-Saxon ideals for hero: -courage -physical strength -loyalty to tribe or king -wisdom -supreme self-confidence
Beowulf Set in: 6th or 7th century (500s-600s a.d.) “Imagine a time when tribes from Europe regularly raided one another’s shores to loot and burn each other’s settlements; when great warriors feasted, drank, and bragged of their bloody conquests in huge mead halls…; when kings bestowed riches upon their brave warriors to retain their allegiance; when people believed in monsters and dragons” (Glencoe British Literature, 43).
Beowulf Place: NOT ENGLAND Set in Scandinavia Involves: The Geats-tribe from southern Sweden The Danes-tribe from Denmark
Why is it considered English? Scandinavians were part of the Anglo-Saxons When Anglo-Saxons settled in a place, their stories came with them
More on Beowulf’s History Oldest known English literary work -A scop probably first wrote Beowulf down in 700s -Oldest known, surviving manuscript was written 300 yrs. later by unknown author
Beowulf: Names Hrothgar: King of the Danes Grendel: monster that terrorizes Danes Beowulf: from family of Kings of Geats; hero Grendel’s mother: seeks revenge on Danes
Herot: name of Hrothgar’s mead hall Hrunting: Beowulf’s sword
Poetic Devices in Beowulf Scops and gleemen needed poetic devices to help remember tales and give stories greater impact Alliteration: repetition of similar consonant sounds (Ex: miserable, mighty men tormented) Caesura: an obvious pause in a line of poetry, usually found near middle of line, w/ 2 stressed syllables before and 2 after. Indicated with //. (Ex: A prince of the Geats// had killed Grendel) 3. Kenning: An imaginative phrase that takes the place of a single noun (Ex: whale-road=sea; life-house=body)
Literary Elements in Beowulf Foreshadowing: hints about what’s to come. Ex from Beowulf: “But fate, that night, intended/ Grendel to gnaw the broken bones/ Of his last human supper…” (293- 295) *Look for another example of foreshadowing as you read; write down the line numbers*
Vocabulary for Beowulf Lament (n): an expression of sorrow, OR a song or writing that mourns a death (V): to express sorrow Forged (v): formed or shaped; made Shroud(n): burial cloth Infamous (adj): famous for something bad; notorious Writhing (v): twisting in pain Spawned (v): born
Lair (n): den of a wild animal Reparation (n): payment to make up for a wrong or injury; indemnity Linden (adj): wooden Scabbard (n): case that protects the blade of a sword Hilt (n): a sword’s handle