Fig Origin of replication Two copies of origin E. coli cell Bacterial chromosome Plasma membrane Cell wall Origin

Fig µm200 µm 20 µm (a) Reproduction (b) Growth and development (c) Tissue renewal

Fig S (DNA synthesis) MITOTIC (M) PHASE Mitosis Cytokinesis G1G1 G2G2

Fig µmChromosomes Chromosome duplication (including DNA synthesis) Chromo- some arm Centromere Sister chromatids DNA molecules Separation of sister chromatids Centromere Sister chromatids

Fig G 2 of Interphase Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) Chromatin (duplicated) Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Plasma membrane Early mitotic spindle Aster Centromere Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids Prophase Prometaphase Fragments of nuclear envelope Nonkinetochore microtubules Kinetochore microtubule Metaphase plate Spindle Centrosome at one spindle pole Anaphase Daughter chromosomes Telophase and Cytokinesis Cleavage furrow Nucleolus forming Nuclear envelope forming

Prophase Fig. 12-6a Prometaphase G 2 of Interphase

Fig. 12-6b PrometaphaseProphase G 2 of Interphase Nonkinetochore microtubules Fragments of nuclear envelope Aster Centromere Early mitotic spindle Chromatin (duplicated) Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Plasma membrane Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids Kinetochore microtubule

Fig. 12-6c MetaphaseAnaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis

Fig. 12-6d MetaphaseAnaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis Cleavage furrow Nucleolus forming Metaphase plate Centrosome at one spindle pole Spindle Daughter chromosomes Nuclear envelope forming

Fig Microtubules Chromosomes Sister chromatids Aster Metaphase plate Centrosome Kineto- chores Kinetochore microtubules Overlapping nonkinetochore microtubules Centrosome 1 µm 0.5 µm

Fig. 12-6d MetaphaseAnaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis Cleavage furrow Nucleolus forming Metaphase plate Centrosome at one spindle pole Spindle Daughter chromosomes Nuclear envelope forming

Fig Cleavage furrow 100 µm Contractile ring of microfilaments Daughter cells (a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM)(b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (TEM) Vesicles forming cell plate Wall of parent cell Cell plate Daughter cells New cell wall 1 µm

Cleavage furrow Fig. 12-9a 100 µm Daughter cells (a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM) Contractile ring of microfilaments

Fig. 12-9b Daughter cells (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (TEM) Vesicles forming cell plate Wall of parent cell New cell wallCell plate 1 µm

Fig Chromatin condensing Metaphase AnaphaseTelophase Prometaphase Nucleus Prophase Nucleolus Chromosomes Cell plate 10 µm

Fig S G1G1 M checkpoint G2G2 M Control system G 1 checkpoint G 2 checkpoint

Fig G1G1 G0G0 G 1 checkpoint (a)Cell receives a go-ahead signal G1G1 (b) Cell does not receive a go-ahead signal

Fig M G1G1 S G2G2 M G1G1 SG2G2 M G1G1 MPF activity Cyclin concentration Time (a) Fluctuation of MPF activity and cyclin concentration during the cell cycle Degraded cyclin Cdk G1G1 S G2G2 M G2G2 checkpoint Cyclin is degraded Cyclin MPF (b) Molecular mechanisms that help regulate the cell cycle Cyclin accumulation

Fig Anchorage dependence Density-dependent inhibition (a) Normal mammalian cells (b) Cancer cells 25 µm

Fig Tumor A tumor grows from a single cancer cell. Glandular tissue Lymph vessel Blood vessel Metastatic tumor Cancer cell Cancer cells invade neigh- boring tissue. Cancer cells spread to other parts of the body. Cancer cells may survive and establish a new tumor in another part of the body