Standard Template Library The Standard Template Library was recently added to standard C++. –The STL contains generic template classes. –The STL permits the development of general programs that do not depend on the underlying container.

Standard Template Library –The STL is composed on six types of components: Containers Iterators Generic Algorithms Function Objects Adaptors Allocators

Containers The Containers hold data for manipulation.

Sequence Containers The Sequence Containers are vector, deque, and list. vector and deque are both based upon arrays. vectors can change size dynamically and can be assigned to one another. –Essentially a resizable array. The vector class provide the best random- access performance. The vector class permits insertions and deletions at the back of the vector.

Sequence Containers The deque container is a double-ended queue and provides efficient index access to data. The deque container provides insertions and deletions at both the front and back of the queue. The list container implements a doubly linked- list. The list container provides insertions and deletions anywhere in the list.

Associative Containers The Associative Containers provide direct access to store and retrieve elements via a key. –The keys of associative containers are maintained in a sorted order. The iterator will traverse through the container in sorted order.

Associative Containers –The set container provides rapid look-up but does not permit duplicates. If an attempt is made to insert a duplicate key, the duplicate is ignored. –A multiset provides rapid look-up but does permit duplicates. –The order of data stored in a multiset is determined by a comparator function object that is specified when the container is created. typedef std::multiset > ims; ims intMultiSet;

Associative Containers –The map class provides rapid lookup using a rapid key based lookup. –The map class does not permit duplicates. –A map is commonly called an associative array. –Insertions and deletions occur anywhere in the map. –The map elements are pairs containing a key and a value.

Associative Containers –The insertion of an element into a map requires a pair object that has the key and a value. –The multimap container is the same as the map container but it permits duplicates. –A typical use of the multimap is to implement red-black binary trees.

First-Class Containers Sequence and Associative Containers are considered first-class containers. –First-class containers support iterators. –First-class containers support actual data structure implementation that store elements.

Containers Adopters Container Adopters are consider near- containers because they are similar in concept to first-class containers but do not provide all of the capabilities of first- class containers. –Container Adopters do not provide the actual data structure implementation into which elements are stored because adopters do not support iterators.

Container Adopters –Container Adopters adapt to other components for special purposes. A stack container adopter will adapt a vector, list, or deque so that the container will appear to the user as a stack that defines a LIFO data structure. –Permits the use of Push and Pop. The queue container adopter permits the insertion of data at the back of the underlying data structure and deletions from the front of the underlying data structure. –The typical FIFO data structure.

Container Adopters The priority_queue adopter provides insertions in sorted order into the data structure and deletions from the front of the data structure. –By default this priority_queue is implemented using the vector class. –Insertions occur such that the highest priority item (for example, the largest value) is inserted at the front of the queue.

Iterators Iterators provide the ability to move through containers. –Iterators are the interface between the containers and the algorithms that manipulate the data. –Iterators are implemented separately from the container in the STL. This is different from other “object-oriented” libraries. It does permit a high level of reuse but reduces the object-oriented nature of the program.

Iterators –Iterators are used as pointers to the elements in first-class containers. –The type of iterator associated with a container determines if that container can be used with specific algorithms in the STL. Containers that support random-access iterators can be used with all algorithms in the STL. Figure 20.8 list the type of iterators permitted for each type of container.

Iterators –There are five types of iterators. Input, output, forward, bi-directional, and random access. –There are also constant iterators that can not modify the containers they are associated with. –Additional iterator variations are reverse iterators and iostream iterators.

Iterators –The operator++ is required to move through a container with a forward iterator. –The operator++ and operator– can be used to move through a container with a bi- directional iterator. –Random access iterators permit operator++, operator--, operator+, operator-, and iterator arithmetic. Ordinary pointers are automatically random access iterators.

Iterators –The begin() function returns an iterator pointing to the first element in the container. –The end() function returns an iterator pointing to the first element past the end of the container. The first element that does not exist.

Algorithms The STL provides algorithms that are used generically across the containers. –There are about 70 algorithms implemented in the STL. –Algorithms manipulate the elements of containers indirectly through the iterator. –The design of the STL algorithms, iterators, and containers avoids the overhead of virtual function calls.

Algorithms –Some algorithms manipulate sequences of elements defined in iterator pairs. The pairs contain a first iterator pointing to the first element to manipulate and the last iterator that points to one past that last element to manipulate.

Algorithms Mutating-sequence algorithms modify the containers that they are applied to. –Such algorithms include: copy(), remove(), fill(), replace(), rotate(), etc. A list of mutating-sequence algorithms can be found on page 984, Figure 20.11

Algorithms Non-mutating-sequence algorithms do not modify the containers they are applied to. –Such algorithms include: count(), equal(), find, search(), etc. A list can be found on page 985, Figure

Algorithms Numeric algorithms obviously conduct numerical manipulations of the data in the container. –The header file must be included to use these algorithms. –A list of the algorithms is found on page 985, Figure 20.13

Allocators Allocators are used to allocate and deallocate memory for data storage. –Allocators are used in place of new and delete. –Allocators are most useful on machines that have several memory models available, for example IBM PCs. –The allocators decouple the algorithms from assumptions about a particular memory model.

Example Create a vector of integers and replace certain elements.

Examples Store integers into a list. Sort integers that are stored in a vector. Sum input integer values.

Advantages of Using STL There are many benefits of using the STL: –The STL provides a significant level of flexible functionality. –The STL provides very good performance at low run-time space costs.

Advantages of Using STL –The STL only uses generalized algorithms when their efficiency is good. –The STL also provides specialized algorithms. For example, the generic sort algorithm works well on deques and vectors and could also be used for lists but the efficiency would be poor. –A special optimized sort algorithm for lists is provided.

Disadvantages of Using STL As with anything, there disadvantages of using the STL: –Programming with the STL does not increase the safety of the programs. –Programming with the STL requires to time to adjust to the differences of standard object-oriented programming. Containers, iterators, and algorithms.

Disadvantages of Using STL –Iterators have all the efficiency and drawbacks of pointers, since they generalize. The programmer is still responsible for verifying subscript bounds, dangling references, deallocation issues, etc. For example, the vector class permits the use of the operator[] but the subscripts are not checked.

Disadvantages of Using STL –The error messages provided by the compiler for STL issues are very poor. The error messages detailed all the nested templates used at the time.

List Error "/opt/SUNWspro/SC5.0/include/CC/./algorithm.cc", line 1015: Error: The operation "std::list >::iterator - std::list >::iterator" is illegal. "/opt/SUNWspro/SC5.0/include/CC/./algorithm", line 776: Where: While instantiating "std::__final_insertion_sort >::iterator >(std::list >::iterator, std::list >::iterator)". "/opt/SUNWspro/SC5.0/include/CC/./algorithm", line 776: Where: Instantiated from non-template code.