Matter, Energy & Temperature

States of Matter: Matter occurs in __ states: 3 Solids have a definite _____ and _______. shape volume Liquids have a definite _______ but take the _______ of their__________. volume shapecontainers Gases have neither a definite ______ nor a definite _______, but will expand to fill their_________. shape volume container

Solids Particles in a solid are ______ packed together. tightly They still _____, but don’t have much _______ and can only _________. move energy vibrate There are _______ forces of _________ between the particles, which holds them close together in a structure called a _________ ________. crystal lattice strong attraction

Liquids Particles in a liquid are ______ apart than in solids and _____ much more. farther move Liquid particles can _______ and _______. vibraterotate The attractive forces aren’t as ______ in liquids – so they have no definite _______. strong shape

Gases Gas particles are much _______ apart than in either _______ or ______. farther solids liquids Gas particles can ________, _______ and _________. vibrate rotate translate There is almost no _________ between particles, so a gas will _______ to fill the ______ and ______ of its container. attraction expand sizeshape

The States, they are a-change-n What would it take for matter to move from one state to another?

Ch-Ch-Ch-Changes _______ is what determines the state of matter! Energy

Solid to Liquid Add ______ to a solid, and its particles will move ________ and the ___________ will increase. energy faster temperature Eventually, the particles will have enough energy to ________ from their crystal structure and the substance becomes a _______. escape liquid

Liquid to Gas Add ______ to a liquid, and the particles will move ______ and the temperature will _________. energy faster increase Eventually, the liquid particles will have enough _______ to overcome the __________ forces and become a ____. energy attractive gas

Energy Matters Energy is the ability to do ________. There are different forms of energy: Chemical Mechanical Electrical Light Heat WORK

Energy Types There are 2 main types of energy: __________ energy is the energy of __________. ________ energy is the energy of ________. Potential position Kinetic motion

When _____ is added, the particles that make up a substance begin to move _______. This is an increase in ____________ energy. **This is also an increase in ______________. heat faster Kinetic temperature

The ‘official’ definition for temperature: Average kinetic energy

Absolute ZERO A __________ that states if the temperature ____________ enough, all molecular motion will _________. Can _______ actually happen! ________ always has a way to move to/from an object! theory decreases STOP never Heat

Kelvin Scale When approaching absolute zero, we use the ________ scale. Kelvin The Kelvin scale starts at ____ K, which is _______________. zero absolute zero To convert Celsius to Kelvin: K = °C °C = ____ K373

Phase changes If you add heat to a solid, its _______ energy increases. Eventually, you reach a point where the particles have enough energy to __________ from their ____________ structure. The solid now becomes a ______. Kinetic break free crystal lattice liquid

The temperature at which this occurs is the substance’s ________ point. The energy required to change the solid to a liquid is called the _______ of _______. melting heatfusion (Heat energy is measured in ________.)Joules (J)

During the ______ change from solid to liquid, what happens to the temperature? _______ the _______! This means the average _______ energy stays the same. But we’re still adding ______ energy – if the kinetic energy isn’t increasing, what kind of energy is? phase STAYSSAME Kinetic Heat Potential!!!

________________is the pressure exerted by the _______ particles. In order for a liquid to boil, the vapor pressure must equal the ___________ pressure, and then the liquid will change to a _____. Vapor pressure atmospheric gas liquid

The amount of energy needed to change a liquid to a gas is called the _____ of ____________. The temperature at which the liquid particles have enough energy to escape is the substance’s _______ point. boiling ___________ is a change from liquid to gas at the _______ of the liquid. heatvaporization Evaporation surface Happens at ANY temperature!

Occasionally, there are substances that skip the liquid step and go directly from a _____ to a _____. (like ____________) This is called ___________. (The opposite – going directly from a gas to a solid – is called __________.) solidgas Dry ice (CO 2 ) sublimation deposition

Remember that a substance’s _______ point is the same as its ____________ point. The name just tells you the _________ of the phase change. boiling condensation direction

________ point = ______ to ______ _________ point = _______ to ______ Heat of ________ = energy needed to change a _______ to a _______. Heat of ___________ = energy needed to change a _______ to a _____. solidliquid solidliquid gas Melting Freezing Boiling Condensation Fusion solidliquid Vaporization liquid gas

Phase changes Substances will be found in the solid, liquid or gas phase according to the _________ of their particles. energy Watch the following animation to see what I mean!

Heating & Cooling Curves If you graph the energy & temperature associated with phase changes, you end up with something that looks like…

Energy Temperature Solid Liquid Gas Melting Freezing Boiling Condensation

Reading a Heating Curve Increases in temperature are also increases in _______ energy. kinetic _________ lines are increases in ___________, and therefore increases in _______ energy. Diagonal temperature kinetic

__________ lines do not show increases in temperature, so the _______ energy stays the same! Horizontal kinetic Horizontal lines show periods of increases in _________ energy – during a _____________ potential phase change

Use the temperature on the side of the graph to find: Boiling point? Melting point? Condensation point? Solid phase? Liquid phase? Gas phase? Potential energy Increase ? Kinetic energy increase ?