Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. 4 Introduction

4-2 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Objectives After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: Describe each DML statement Insert rows into a table Update rows in a table Delete rows from a table Control transactions After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: Describe each DML statement Insert rows into a table Update rows in a table Delete rows from a table Control transactions

Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. 4 Manipulating Data

4-4 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. SQL Statements SELECT INSERT UPDATE DELETE CREATE ALTER DROP RENAME TRUNCATE COMMIT ROLLBACK SAVEPOINT GRANT REVOKE SELECT INSERT UPDATE DELETE CREATE ALTER DROP RENAME TRUNCATE COMMIT ROLLBACK SAVEPOINT GRANT REVOKE Data retrieval Data retrieval Data manipulation language (DML) Data definition language (DDL) Transaction control Data control language (DCL)

4-5 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Data manipulation language (DML)

4-6 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Data Manipulation Language (DML) A DML statement is executed when you: – Add new rows to a table – Modify existing rows in a table – Remove existing rows from a table A transaction consists of a collection of DML statements that form a logical unit of work. A DML statement is executed when you: – Add new rows to a table – Modify existing rows in a table – Remove existing rows from a table A transaction consists of a collection of DML statements that form a logical unit of work.

4-7 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Adding Rows

4-8 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Adding a New Row to a Table DEPT DEPTNO DNAME LOC ACCOUNTINGNEW YORK 20RESEARCHDALLAS 30SALESCHICAGO 40OPERATIONSBOSTON New row 50 DEVELOPMENT DETROIT DEPT DEPTNO DNAME LOC ACCOUNTINGNEW YORK 20RESEARCHDALLAS 30SALESCHICAGO 40OPERATIONSBOSTON “…insert a new row into DEPT table…” 50 DEVELOPMENT DETROIT

4-9 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. The INSERT Statement Add new rows to a table by using the INSERT statement. Only one row is inserted at a time with this syntax. Add new rows to a table by using the INSERT statement. Only one row is inserted at a time with this syntax. INSERT INTOtable [(column [, column...])] VALUES(value [, value...]); INSERT INTOtable [(column [, column...])] VALUES(value [, value...]);

4-10 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Inserting New Rows Insert a new row containing values for each column. List values in the default order of the columns in the table. Optionally list the columns in the INSERT clause. Enclose character and date values within single quotation marks. Insert a new row containing values for each column. List values in the default order of the columns in the table. Optionally list the columns in the INSERT clause. Enclose character and date values within single quotation marks. SQL> INSERT INTOdept (deptno, dname, loc) 2 VALUES(50, 'DEVELOPMENT', 'DETROIT'); 1 row created.

4-11 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Inserting Rows with Null Values Implicit method: Omit the column from the column list. SQL> INSERT INTOdept (deptno, dname ) 2 VALUES(60, 'MIS'); 1 row created. Explicit method: Specify the NULL keyword. SQL> INSERT INTOdept 2 VALUES(70, 'FINANCE', NULL); 1 row created.

4-12 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Inserting Values by Using Substitution Variables Create an interactive script by using SQL*Plus substitution parameters. SQL> INSERT INTOdept (deptno, dname, loc) 2 VALUES (&department_id, 3 '&department_name', '&location'); 80 Enter value for department_id: 80 EDUCATION Enter value for department_name: EDUCATION ATLANTA Enter value for location: ATLANTA 1 row created.

4-13 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Copying Rows from Another Table Write your INSERT statement with a subquery. Do not use the VALUES clause. Match the number of columns in the INSERT clause to those in the subquery. Write your INSERT statement with a subquery. Do not use the VALUES clause. Match the number of columns in the INSERT clause to those in the subquery. SQL> INSERT INTO managers(id, name, salary, hiredate) 2 SELECTempno, ename, sal, hiredate 3 FROM emp 4 WHEREjob = 'MANAGER'; 3 rows created.

4-14 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Update Rows

4-15 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Changing Data in a Table EMP “…update a row in EMP table…” EMP EMPNO ENAME JOB... DEPTNO 7839KINGPRESIDENT BLAKEMANAGER CLARKMANAGER JONESMANAGER EMPNO ENAME JOB... DEPTNO 7839KINGPRESIDENT BLAKEMANAGER CLARKMANAGER JONESMANAGER 20...

4-16 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. The UPDATE Statement Modify existing rows with the UPDATE statement. Update more than one row at a time, if required. Modify existing rows with the UPDATE statement. Update more than one row at a time, if required. UPDATEtable SETcolumn = value [, column = value] [WHERE condition]; UPDATEtable SETcolumn = value [, column = value] [WHERE condition];

4-17 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Updating Rows in a Table Specific row or rows are modified when you specify the WHERE clause. All rows in the table are modified if you omit the WHERE clause. Specific row or rows are modified when you specify the WHERE clause. All rows in the table are modified if you omit the WHERE clause. SQL> UPDATE emp 2 SET deptno = 20 3 WHERE empno = 7782; 1 row updated. SQL> UPDATE employee 2 SET deptno = 20; 14 rows updated. SQL> UPDATE employee 2 SET deptno = 20; 14 rows updated.

4-18 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Updating Rows Based on Another Table Use subqueries in UPDATE statements to update rows in a table based on values from another table. SQL>UPDATEemployee 2SETdeptno = (SELECTdeptno 3FROMemp 4WHEREempno = 7788) 5WHEREjob = (SELECTjob 6FROMemp 7WHEREempno = 7788); 2 rows updated. SQL>UPDATEemployee 2SETdeptno = (SELECTdeptno 3FROMemp 4WHEREempno = 7788) 5WHEREjob = (SELECTjob 6FROMemp 7WHEREempno = 7788); 2 rows updated.

4-19 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. UPDATE emp * ERROR at line 1: ORA-02291: integrity constraint (USR.EMP_DEPTNO_FK) violated - parent key not found UPDATE emp * ERROR at line 1: ORA-02291: integrity constraint (USR.EMP_DEPTNO_FK) violated - parent key not found SQL> UPDATEemp 2 SETdeptno = 55 3 WHEREdeptno = 10; SQL> UPDATEemp 2 SETdeptno = 55 3 WHEREdeptno = 10; Updating Rows: Integrity Constraint Error Department number 55 does not exist

4-20 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Delete Rows

4-21 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. “…delete a row from DEPT table…” Removing a Row from a Table DEPT DEPTNO DNAME LOC ACCOUNTINGNEW YORK 20RESEARCHDALLAS 30SALESCHICAGO 40OPERATIONSBOSTON 50 DEVELOPMENT DETROIT 60MIS... DEPT DEPTNO DNAME LOC ACCOUNTINGNEW YORK 20RESEARCHDALLAS 30SALESCHICAGO 40OPERATIONSBOSTON 60MIS...

4-22 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. The DELETE Statement You can remove existing rows from a table by using the DELETE statement. DELETE [FROM] table [WHERE condition]; DELETE [FROM] table [WHERE condition];

4-23 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Specific row or rows are deleted when you specify the WHERE clause. All rows in the table are deleted if you omit the WHERE clause. Specific row or rows are deleted when you specify the WHERE clause. All rows in the table are deleted if you omit the WHERE clause. Deleting Rows from a Table SQL> DELETE FROMdepartment 2 WHERE dname = 'DEVELOPMENT'; 1 row deleted. SQL> DELETE FROMdepartment 2 WHERE dname = 'DEVELOPMENT'; 1 row deleted. SQL> DELETE FROMdepartment; 4 rows deleted. SQL> DELETE FROMdepartment; 4 rows deleted.

4-24 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Deleting Rows Based on Another Table Use subqueries in DELETE statements to remove rows from a table based on values from another table. SQL> DELETE FROMemployee 2 WHEREdeptno = 3 (SELECT deptno 4 FROM dept 5 WHERE dname ='SALES'); 6 rows deleted.

4-25 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Deleting Rows: Integrity Constraint Error SQL> DELETE FROMdept 2 WHEREdeptno = 10; SQL> DELETE FROMdept 2 WHEREdeptno = 10; DELETE FROM dept * ERROR at line 1: ORA-02292: integrity constraint (USR.EMP_DEPTNO_FK) violated - child record found DELETE FROM dept * ERROR at line 1: ORA-02292: integrity constraint (USR.EMP_DEPTNO_FK) violated - child record found You cannot delete a row that contains a primary key that is used as a foreign key in another table.

4-26 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Data definition language (DDL)

Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. 4 Creating and Managing Tables

4-28 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Objectives After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: Describe the main database objects Create tables Describe the datatypes that can be used when specifying column definition Alter table definitions Drop, rename, and truncate tables After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: Describe the main database objects Create tables Describe the datatypes that can be used when specifying column definition Alter table definitions Drop, rename, and truncate tables

4-29 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Database Objects ObjectDescription TableBasic unit of storage; composed of rows and columns View Logically represents subsets of data from one or more tables Sequence Generates primary key values IndexImproves the performance of some queries Synonym Gives alternative names to objects

4-30 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Naming Conventions Must begin with a letter Can be 1–30 characters long Must contain only A–Z, a–z, 0–9, _, $, and # Must not duplicate the name of another object owned by the same user Must not be an Oracle Server reserved word Must begin with a letter Can be 1–30 characters long Must contain only A–Z, a–z, 0–9, _, $, and # Must not duplicate the name of another object owned by the same user Must not be an Oracle Server reserved word

4-31 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Creating Tables

4-32 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. The CREATE TABLE Statement You must have : – CREATE TABLE privilege – A storage area You specify: – Table name – Column name, column datatype, and column size You must have : – CREATE TABLE privilege – A storage area You specify: – Table name – Column name, column datatype, and column size CREATE TABLE [schema.]table (column datatype [DEFAULT expr];

4-33 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Referencing Another User’s Tables Tables belonging to other users are not in the user’s schema. You should use the owner’s name as a prefix to the table. Tables belonging to other users are not in the user’s schema. You should use the owner’s name as a prefix to the table.

4-34 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. The DEFAULT Option Specify a default value for a column during an insert. … hiredate DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE, … Legal values are literal value, expression, or SQL function. Illegal values are another column’s name or pseudocolumn. The default datatype must match the column datatype. Legal values are literal value, expression, or SQL function. Illegal values are another column’s name or pseudocolumn. The default datatype must match the column datatype.

4-35 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Creating Tables SQL> CREATE TABLE dept 2(deptno NUMBER(2), 3 dname VARCHAR2(14), 4 loc VARCHAR2(13)); Table created. Create the table. Confirm table creation. SQL> DESCRIBE dept Name Null? Type DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER(2) DNAME VARCHAR2(14) LOC VARCHAR2(13)

4-36 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Querying the Data Dictionary Describe tables owned by the user. View distinct object types owned by the user. View tables, views, synonyms, and sequences owned by the user. SQL> SELECT* 2FROMuser_tables; SQL> SELECTDISTINCT object_type 2FROM user_objects; SQL> SELECT* 2FROMuser_catalog;

4-37 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Datatypes DatatypeDescription VARCHAR2(size)Variable-length character data CHAR(size) Fixed-length character data NUMBER(p,s) Variable-length numeric data DATE Date and time values LONG Variable-length character data up to 2 gigabytes CLOBSingle-byte character data up to 4 gigabytes RAW and LONG RAW Raw binary data BLOBBinary data up to 4 gigabytes BFILEBinary data stored in an external file; up to 4 gigabytes

4-38 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Creating a Table by Using a Subquery Create a table and insert rows by combining the CREATE TABLE statement and AS subquery option. Match the number of specified columns to the number of subquery columns. Define columns with column names and default values. Create a table and insert rows by combining the CREATE TABLE statement and AS subquery option. Match the number of specified columns to the number of subquery columns. Define columns with column names and default values. CREATE TABLE table [column(, column...)] AS subquery;

4-39 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Creating a Table by Using a Subquery Name Null? Type EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4) ENAME VARCHAR2(10) ANNSAL NUMBER HIREDATE DATE Name Null? Type EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4) ENAME VARCHAR2(10) ANNSAL NUMBER HIREDATE DATE SQL> DESCRIBE dept30 SQL> CREATE TABLE dept30 2AS 3SELECT empno, ename, sal*12 ANNSAL, hiredate 4FROM emp 5WHERE deptno = 30; Table created.

4-40 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. ALTER TABLE

4-41 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. The ALTER TABLE Statement Use the ALTER TABLE statement to: Add a new column Modify an existing column Define a default value for the new column Use the ALTER TABLE statement to: Add a new column Modify an existing column Define a default value for the new column ALTER TABLE table ADD (column datatype [DEFAULT expr] [, column datatype]...); ALTER TABLE table MODIFY (column datatype [DEFAULT expr] [, column datatype]...);

4-42 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Adding a Column DEPT30 EMPNO ENAME ANNSAL HIREDATE BLAKE MAY MARTIN SEP ALLEN FEB TURNER SEP “…add a new column into DEPT30 table…” DEPT30 EMPNO ENAME ANNSAL HIREDATE BLAKE MAY MARTIN SEP ALLEN FEB TURNER SEP JOB New column

4-43 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Adding a Column You use the ADD clause to add columns. EMPNO ENAME ANNSAL HIREDATE JOB BLAKE MAY MARTIN SEP ALLEN FEB TURNER SEP rows selected. EMPNO ENAME ANNSAL HIREDATE JOB BLAKE MAY MARTIN SEP ALLEN FEB TURNER SEP rows selected. SQL> ALTER TABLE dept30 2 ADD (job VARCHAR2(9)); Table altered. The new column becomes the last column.

4-44 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Modifying a Column You can change a column's datatype, size, and default value. You can change a column's name.. You can change a column's datatype, size, and default value. You can change a column's name.. ALTER TABLEdept30 MODIFY(ename VARCHAR2(15)); Table altered. ALTER TABLEdept30 Rename column ename to employee_name; Table altered. ALTER TABLEdept30 Rename column ename to employee_name; Table altered.

4-45 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Drop Table

4-46 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Dropping a Table All data and structure in the table is deleted. Any pending transactions are committed. All indexes are dropped. You cannot roll back this statement. All data and structure in the table is deleted. Any pending transactions are committed. All indexes are dropped. You cannot roll back this statement. SQL> DROP TABLE dept30; Table dropped.

4-47 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Changing Object Name

4-48 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Changing the Name of an Object To change the name of a table, view, sequence, or synonym, you execute the RENAME statement. You must be the owner of the object. To change the name of a table, view, sequence, or synonym, you execute the RENAME statement. You must be the owner of the object. SQL> RENAME dept TO department; Table renamed.

4-49 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Truncating Tables

4-50 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Truncating a Table The TRUNCATE TABLE statement: – Removes all rows from a table – Releases the storage space used by that table Cannot roll back row removal when using TRUNCATE Alternatively, remove rows by using the DELETE statement The TRUNCATE TABLE statement: – Removes all rows from a table – Releases the storage space used by that table Cannot roll back row removal when using TRUNCATE Alternatively, remove rows by using the DELETE statement SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE department; Table truncated.

4-51 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Summary Statement Description CREATE TABLE Creates a table ALTER TABLE Modifies table structures DROP TABLE Removes the rows and table structure RENAME Changes the name of a table, view, sequence, or synonym TRUNCATE Removes all rows from a table and releases the storage space

4-52 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Practice Overview Creating new tables Creating a new table by using the CREATE TABLE AS syntax Modifying column definitions Verifying that the tables exist Dropping tables Altering tables Creating new tables Creating a new table by using the CREATE TABLE AS syntax Modifying column definitions Verifying that the tables exist Dropping tables Altering tables

Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. 4 Constraints

4-54 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Objectives After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: Describe constraints Create and maintain constraints After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: Describe constraints Create and maintain constraints

4-55 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. What Are Constraints? Constraints enforce rules at the table level. Constraints prevent the deletion of a table if there are dependencies. The following constraint types are valid in Oracle: – NOT NULL – UNIQUE Key – PRIMARY KEY – FOREIGN KEY – CHECK Constraints enforce rules at the table level. Constraints prevent the deletion of a table if there are dependencies. The following constraint types are valid in Oracle: – NOT NULL – UNIQUE Key – PRIMARY KEY – FOREIGN KEY – CHECK

4-56 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Constraint Guidelines Name a constraint or the Oracle Server will generate a name by using the SYS_Cn format. Create a constraint: – At the same time as the table is created – After the table has been created Define a constraint at the column or table level. View a constraint in the data dictionary. Name a constraint or the Oracle Server will generate a name by using the SYS_Cn format. Create a constraint: – At the same time as the table is created – After the table has been created Define a constraint at the column or table level. View a constraint in the data dictionary.

4-57 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Defining Constraints CREATE TABLE [schema.]table (column datatype [DEFAULT expr] [column_constraint], … [table_constraint]); CREATE TABLE emp( empno NUMBER(4), ename VARCHAR2(10), … deptno NUMBER(7,2) NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT emp_empno_pk PRIMARY KEY (EMPNO));

4-58 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Defining Constraints Column constraint level Table constraint level Column constraint level Table constraint level column [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] constraint_type, column,... [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] constraint_type (column,...), column,... [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] constraint_type (column,...),

4-59 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. The NOT NULL Constraint Ensures that null values are not permitted for the column EMP EMPNO ENAME JOB... COMM DEPTNO 7839KINGPRESIDENT BLAKEMANAGER CLARKMANAGER JONESMANAGER NOT NULL constraint (no row may contain a null value for this column) Absence of NOT NULL constraint (any row can contain null for this column) NOT NULL constraint

4-60 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. The NOT NULL Constraint Defined at the column level SQL> CREATE TABLE emp( 2 empno NUMBER(4), 3enameVARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL, 4jobVARCHAR2(9), 5mgrNUMBER(4), 6hiredateDATE, 7salNUMBER(7,2), 8 commNUMBER(7,2), 9deptnoNUMBER(7,2) NOT NULL);

4-61 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. The UNIQUE Key Constraint DEPT DEPTNO DNAME LOC ACCOUNTINGNEW YORK 20RESEARCHDALLAS 30SALESCHICAGO 40OPERATIONSBOSTON UNIQUE key constraint 50SALESDETROIT 60BOSTON Insert into Not allowed (DNAME already exists) Not allowed (DNAME  SALES already exists)Allowed

4-62 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. The UNIQUE Key Constraint Defined at either the table level or the column level SQL> CREATE TABLE dept( 2 deptno NUMBER(2), 3dname VARCHAR2(14), 4loc VARCHAR2(13), 5CONSTRAINT dept_dname_uk UNIQUE(dname));

4-63 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. The PRIMARY KEY Constraint DEPT DEPTNO DNAME LOC ACCOUNTINGNEW YORK 20RESEARCHDALLAS 30SALESCHICAGO 40OPERATIONSBOSTON PRIMARY KEY Insert into 20MARKETINGDALLAS FINANCENEW YORK Not allowed (DEPTNO20 already exists) Not allowed (DEPTNO  20 already exists) Not allowed (DEPTNO is null)

4-64 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. The PRIMARY KEY Constraint Defined at either the table level or the column level SQL> CREATE TABLE dept( 2 deptno NUMBER(2), 3dname VARCHAR2(14), 4loc VARCHAR2(13), 5CONSTRAINT dept_dname_uk UNIQUE (dname), 6CONSTRAINT dept_deptno_pk PRIMARY KEY(deptno));

4-65 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. The FOREIGN KEY Constraint DEPT DEPTNO DNAME LOC ACCOUNTINGNEW YORK 20RESEARCHDALLAS... PRIMARY KEY EMP EMPNO ENAME JOB... COMM DEPTNO 7839KINGPRESIDENT BLAKEMANAGER FOREIGN KEY 7571FORDMANAGER FORDMANAGER Insert into Not allowed (DEPTNO9 does not exist in the DEPT table Not allowed (DEPTNO  9 does not exist in the DEPT tableAllowed

4-66 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. The FOREIGN KEY Constraint Defined at either the table level or the column level SQL> CREATE TABLE emp( 2 empno NUMBER(4), 3enameVARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL, 4jobVARCHAR2(9), 5mgrNUMBER(4), 6hiredateDATE, 7salNUMBER(7,2), 8 commNUMBER(7,2), 9deptnoNUMBER(7,2) NOT NULL, 10CONSTRAINT emp_deptno_fk FOREIGN KEY (deptno) 11REFERENCES dept (deptno));

4-67 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. FOREIGN KEY Constraint Keywords FOREIGN KEY Defines the column in the child table at the table constraint level REFERENCES Identifies the table and column in the parent table ON DELETE CASCADE Allows deletion in the parent table and deletion of the dependent rows in the child table FOREIGN KEY Defines the column in the child table at the table constraint level REFERENCES Identifies the table and column in the parent table ON DELETE CASCADE Allows deletion in the parent table and deletion of the dependent rows in the child table

4-68 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. The CHECK Constraint Defines a condition that each row must satisfy Expressions that are not allowed: – References to pseudocolumns CURRVAL, NEXTVAL, LEVEL, and ROWNUM – Calls to SYSDATE, UID, USER, and USERENV functions – Queries that refer to other values in other rows Defines a condition that each row must satisfy Expressions that are not allowed: – References to pseudocolumns CURRVAL, NEXTVAL, LEVEL, and ROWNUM – Calls to SYSDATE, UID, USER, and USERENV functions – Queries that refer to other values in other rows..., deptnoNUMBER(2), CONSTRAINT emp_deptno_ck CHECK (DEPTNO BETWEEN 10 AND 99),...

4-69 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Adding a Constraint Add or drop, but not modify, a constraint Enable or disable constraints Add a NOT NULL constraint by using the MODIFY clause Add or drop, but not modify, a constraint Enable or disable constraints Add a NOT NULL constraint by using the MODIFY clause ALTER TABLE table ADD [CONSTRAINT constraint] type (column); ALTER TABLE table ADD [CONSTRAINT constraint] type (column);

4-70 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Adding a Constraint Add a FOREIGN KEY constraint to the EMP table indicating that a manager must already exist as a valid employee in the EMP table. SQL> ALTER TABLE emp 2 ADD CONSTRAINT emp_mgr_fk 3 FOREIGN KEY(mgr) REFERENCES emp(empno); Table altered.

4-71 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Dropping a Constraint Remove the manager constraint from the EMP table. SQL> ALTER TABLE emp 2 DROP CONSTRAINT emp_mgr_fk; Table altered. SQL> ALTER TABLE emp 2 DROP CONSTRAINT emp_mgr_fk; Table altered. Remove the PRIMARY KEY constraint on the DEPT table and drop the associated FOREIGN KEY constraint on the EMP.DEPTNO column. SQL> ALTER TABLEdept 2 DROP PRIMARY KEY CASCADE; Table altered. SQL> ALTER TABLEdept 2 DROP PRIMARY KEY CASCADE; Table altered.

4-72 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Summary Create the following types of constraints: – NOT NULL – UNIQUE key – PRIMARY KEY – FOREIGN KEY – CHECK Query the USER_CONSTRAINTS table to view all constraint definitions and names. Create the following types of constraints: – NOT NULL – UNIQUE key – PRIMARY KEY – FOREIGN KEY – CHECK Query the USER_CONSTRAINTS table to view all constraint definitions and names.

4-73 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. Practice Overview Adding constraints to existing tables Adding additional columns to a table Displaying information in data dictionary views Adding constraints to existing tables Adding additional columns to a table Displaying information in data dictionary views

4-74 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved. To Practice now: Create 2 tables from your project “ hospital system “ with all the objects and the appropriate constraints with all the objects and the appropriate constraints Oracle - Complete Student Guide for SQL/PLSQL: Create 2 tables from your project “ hospital system “ with all the objects and the appropriate constraints with all the objects and the appropriate constraints Oracle - Complete Student Guide for SQL/PLSQL: