Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC General Chemistry, 5 th ed. Whitten, Davis & Peck Chapter 4 Definitions Left click your mouse to continue.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC DIRECTIONS This slide show presentation is designed to function like flash cards. To check your answer, and/or to move on to the next slide, simply left click your mouse.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC BASE A substance that produces OH - ions in aqueous solution. Strong soluble bases are soluble in water and are completely dissociated. Weak bases ionize only slightly.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC BINARY ACID A binary compound in which H is bonded to one of the less metallic nonmetals.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC BINARY COMPOUND A compound consisting if two elements; may be ionic or molecular.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC CHEMICAL PERIODICITY The variation in properties of elements with their positions in the periodic table.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC COMBUSTION REACTION A highly exothermic reaction (release heat) of a substance with oxygen, usually with a visible flame.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC DISPLACEMENT REACTION A reaction in which one element displaces another from a compound.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC DISPROPORTIONATION REACTION A redox reaction in which the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent are the same element.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC DISSOCIATION In aqueous solution, the process in which a solid ionic compound separates into its ions.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC ELECTROLYTE A substance whose aqueous solutions conduct electricity. Remember: ions are charged particles. Movement of charged particles conducts electricity. Ionic compounds are electrolytes

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC FORMULA UNIT EQUATION An equation for a chemical reaction in which all formulas are written as complete formulas.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC GROUP (FAMILY) The elements in a vertical column of the periodic table. Elements in a group have similar chemical and physical properties

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC IONIZATION In aqueous solutions, the process in which molecular compound separates to form ions.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC METALLOIDS Elements with properties intermediate between metal and nonmetals B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, and At

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC NET IONIC EQUATION An equation that results from canceling spectator ions and eliminating brackets from a total ionic equation The net ionic equation for ALL reactions of strong acids with strong soluble bases that form salts and water is H + + OH -  H 2 O

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC NEUTRALIZATION The reaction of an acid with a base to form a salt.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC NONELECTROLYTE A substance whose aqueous solutions do not conduct electricity. Molecular compounds are nonelectrolytes

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC OXIDATION Loss of electrons Gain oxygen Loss of hydrogen An algebraic increase in oxidation number Remember: electrons are negative, therefore if you are losing electrons, you oxidation number will change in the positive direction If the item is being oxidized, then it serves as the reducing agent

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC OXIDATION NUMBERS Arbitrary numbers that can be used as mechanical aids in writing formulas and balancing equations

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION A reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur; also called redox reactions

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC PERIOD The element in a horizontal row of the periodic table Elements in a period have properties that change progressively across the table

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC PERIODICITY Regular periodic variations of properties of elements with atomic number (and position in the periodic table)

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC PERIODIC LAW The properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC PRECIPITATE An insoluble solid that forms and separates from a solution.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC PSEUDOBINARY IONIC COMPOUND A compound that contains more than two elements but is named like a binary compound.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC REDUCTION Gain of electrons Loss of oxygen Gain of hydrogen An algebraic decrease in oxidation number Remember: electrons are negative, so if you are gaining electrons, the oxidation number will be in the negative direction if an item is being reduced, then it serves as the oxidizing agent.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC REVERSIBLE REACTION A reaction that occurs in both directions; indicated by double arrows

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC SALT A compound that contains a cation other than H + and an anion other than OH - or O -2

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC SEMICONDUCTOR A substance that does not conduct electricity at low temperatures, but does so at higher temperatures.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC SPECTATOR IONS Ions in solution that do not participate in a chemical reaction When looking at a total ionic equation, the spectator ions are the ones whose oxidation state does not change Are not shown in a net ionic equation

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC STRONG ACID An acid that ionizes (separates into ions) completely, or very nearly completely, in dilute aqueous solutions EX: H 2 SO 4, HNO 3, HCl, HClO 3, HClO 4, HI, HBR

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC STRONG ELECTROLYTE A substance that conducts electricity well in dilute aqueous solution. Three major classes of solutes are strong electrolytes: strong acids, strong soluble bases and most soluble salts

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC STRONG SOLUBLE BASE Metal hydroxide that is soluble in water and dissociates completely in dilute aqueous solution EX: LiOH, NaOH, KOH, CsOH, Ca(OH) 2, Sr(OH) 2, Ba(OH) 2

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC TERNARY ACID A ternary compound containing H, O, and another element, often a nonmetal

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC TOTAL ION EQUATION An equation for a chemical reaction written to show the predominant form of all species in aqueous solution or in contact with water.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC WEAK ACID An acid that ionizes only slightly in dilute aqueous solution EX: HF, HC 2 H 3 O 2, HCN, HNO 2, H 2 CO 3, H 3 PO 4, H 2 SO 3, (COOH) 2

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC WEAK BASE A molecular substance that ionizes only slightly in water to produce an alkaline (base) solution EX: NH 3, CH 3 NH 2, C 6 H 5 NH 2

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC WEAK ELECTROLYTE A substance that conducts electricity poorly in dilute aqueous solution.

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC METALS Outer shells contain few electrons, usually three or four Form cations (positive ions) by losing electrons Form ionic compounds with nonmetals Solid state characterized by metallic bonding

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC NONMETALS Outer shells contain four or more electrons Form anions (negative ions) by gaining electrons Form ionic compounds with metals and molecular (covalent) compounds with other nonmetals Covalently bonded molecules; noble gases are monatomic

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC METALLIC CHARACTER Increases from top to bottom and from right to left with respect to position in the periodic table

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC NONMETALLIC CHARACTER Increases from bottom to top and from left to right in the periodic table

Created by Tara L. Moore, MGCCC HALOGENS Will displace less active (heavier) halogens from their binary slats Order of increasing activity: I 2 < Br 2 < Cl 2 < F 2