THE BIRTH OF A NEW REPUBLIC A NEW GOVERNMENT THE BIRTH OF A NEW REPUBLIC

THE COLD HARD FACTS? WHAT WAS AMERICA’S FIRST FORM OF GOVERNMENT? WHY DID THE GOVERNMENT LACK SUFFICIENT FUNDS TO RUN THE GOVERNMENT? WHY WERE LAWS SO HARD TO ENFORCE UNDER THE NEW GOVERNMENT? WHAT EVENT CONVINCED KEY LEADERS THAT THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION WERE TOO WEAK AND THAT THE US NEEDED A STRONGER CENTRAL GOVT?

FRAMERS REPUBLIC 1. CITIZENS RULE THROUGH ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES 2. DEMOCRACY- COUNTRY RULED BY THE PEOPLE 3. NEED FOR STRONG CENTRAL GOV’T

Reasons for the Constitution Establish Legitimacy Create Appropriate Structures Describe and Distribute Power Limit Government Powers Allow for Change

The Preamble to the US Constitution “We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

Video Clip The Preamble http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30OyU4O80i4&feature=PlayList&p=1C5A76040C15EA45&index=2

2 Proposed Plans Virginia Plan What are the characteristics of this plan? Justify these characteristics New Jersey Plan What are the characteristics of this plan? Justify these characteristics

Connecticut (Great) Compromise Three Branches of government Two house legislature Representation in one house was based on population (House of Reps) In the other house there was equal representation for all states (Senate)

3/5s Compromise Arguments that led to this decision? What does this compromise mean?

Federalists vs. Anti Federalists The Federalists: The separation of powers into three independent branches protected the rights of the people. Each branch represents a different aspect of the people No one group can assume control over another. A listing of rights can be a dangerous thing. What would stop the govt from violating rights other than the listed ones? Since we can't list all the rights, the Federalists argued that it's better to list none at all.

Anti-Federalists Did not want to ratify the Constitution because It gave too much power to the national government at the expense of the state governments. There was no bill of rights. The national government could maintain an army in peacetime. Congress, because of the `necessary and proper clause,' wielded too much power. The executive branch held too much power.

The Federalist Papers 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution.

Opposition to Bill of Rights Alexander Hamilton, the author of Federalist No. 84, feared that such an enumeration, once written down explicitly, would later be interpreted as a list of the only rights that people had. Robert Yates, writing under the pseudonym Brutus, articulated this view point in the so-called Anti-Federalist No. 84, asserting that a government unrestrained by such a bill could easily devolve into tyranny. 

QUICK FACTS ON CONSTITUTION POSITION AGE RESIDENCY CITIZENSHIP REQUIREMENT HOUSE OF REP. SENATE PRESIDENT SUPREME COURT JUSTICE

NEW FORM OF GOV’T FEDERALISM 1. DIVIDED POWER 2. BETWEEN NATIONAL GOVT AND STATE GOVTS 3. DELEGATED POWERS or ENUMERATED POWERS- NATIONAL POWERS 4. RESERVED POWERS- STATES POWERS WHO IS SUPREME? 1. NATIONAL GOV’T IS SUPERIOR

Copy down this Chart: Powers of the Government Delegated (Federal) Shared Reserved (State)

The following are choices which you and your group must decide where they belong on the chart. PUNISH CRIMINALS ESTABLISH POST OFFICES REGULATE INTERSTATE COMMERCE SET UP SCHOOLS ESTABLISH LOCAL GOV’T TO DECLARE WAR; RAISE AND SUPPORT ARMIES AND NAVY COIN MONEY, AND STANDARD OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ESTABLISH COURTS ESTABLISH AND REGULATE CORPORATIONS COLLECT TAXES TO DEFINE AND PUNISH PIRACIES BORROW MONEY ON CREDIT OF U.S. MAKE REGULATIONS FOR MARRIAGE PROVIDE FOR GENERAL WELFARE OF THE PUBLIC TRADE WITH FOREIGN NATIONS REGULATE STATE COMMERCE REGULATE BANKS

POWERS OF THE GOVERNMENT DELEGATED (FEDERAL) SHARED RESERVED (STATE) TRADE WITH FOREIGN NATIONS COLLECT TAXES ESTABLISH LOCAL GOV’T COIN MONEY, AND STANDARD OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ESTABLISH COURTS SET UP SCHOOLS ESTABLISH POST OFFICES REGULATE INTERSTATE COMMERCE ESTABLISH AND REGULATE CORPORATIONS TO DECLARE WAR; RAISE AND SUPPORT ARMIES AND NAVY REGULATE BANKS MAKE REGULATIONS FOR MARRIAGE TO DEFINE AND PUNISH PIRACIES PROVIDE FOR GENERAL WELFARE OF THE PUBLIC REGULATE STATE COMMERCE BORROW MONEY ON CREDIT OF U.S. PUNISH CRIMINALS

Complete Reading Pages

SEPARATION OF POWERS CHECKS AND BALANCES 1. 3 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT 2. LEGISLATIVE- MAKE LAWS OF U.S. (ARTICLE 1) 3. EXECUTIVE- ENFORCES THE LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES (ARTICLE 2) 4. JUDICIAL BRANCH- INTERPRET CONSTITUTION (LEGAL OR ILLEGAL). CAN DETERMINE AN ACT OF CONGRESS CONSTITUTIONAL OR UNCONSTITUTIONAL (ARTICLE 3)

Articles 4, 5, 6, and 7 ARTICLE 4: RELATIONS AMONG STATES ARTICLE 5: AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION ARTICLE 6: SUPREMACY OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ARTICLE 7: RATIFICATION

AN ENDURING DOCUMENT PURPOSE OF THE CONSTITUTION 1. LIMIT THE POWER OF GOV’T B) PROS 1. STRONG CENTRAL GOV’T 2. FLEXIBLE CONS 1. WHAT RIGHTS ARE YOU GUARANTEED? 2. NO CIVIL LIBERTIES INCLUDED

Following provisions were in the Constitution, as submitted to the states in 1787: The separation of powers (3 branches) The authority of Congress to declare war A guarantee of the legality of slavery The creation of an Electoral College to safeguard the presidency from direct popular election Provision for impeachment of the President Provision for the presidential State of the Union message

(Continued) Following provisions were in the Constitution, as submitted to the states in 1787: Provision for ratifying the Constitution Federalism A bicameral legislature (Great Compromise) Enumeration of the powers of Congress The 3/5’s Compromise

The following provisions were NOT in the Constitution as submitted to the states in 1787: A two term limit for presidents Universal manhood suffrage A presidential cabinet The direct election of senators Guarantees of freedom of speech and of the press (added in Bill of Rights) The right to a speedy and public trial (added in the Bill of Rights) The idea of political parties (framers though that political parties promoted selfish interests, caused divisions, and thus threatened the existence of a republican government

Complete Worksheets

Federalists Papers Who wrote them? James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay What purpose did they serve? Supported provisions made in Constitution “In an expanding republic, so many different groups and viewpoints would be included in the Congress that tyranny by the majority would be impossible.” -James Madison

Anti-Federalists Who were they? George Mason, Patrick Henry, John Hancock What view points did they hold? Stronger central govt would destroy the work of the Revolution, limit democracy and restrict states’ rights They did the following: Drew support primarily from rural areas Argued that the president would have too much power Feared that Congress would levy heavy taxes Feared that the government would raise a standing army Believe that the new national government would overwhelm the states Argued that individual rights needed to be protected

Bill of Rights Together they provide the guarantees that Anti-Federalists wanted against possible abuses of power by the central (or federal) government. http://www.factmonster.com/quizzes/amendments1/1.html

Washington DVD Complete Brief Bio Paper

Washington’s Presidency Setting up his cabinet. Who do his nominees need to be approved by? Who were his first four heads of department? Sec of State: Jefferson Sec of Treasury: Hamilton Sec of War: Knox Attorney General: Randolph Discuss major policy issues “Cabinet Meetings”

Alexander Hamilton’s Economic Policies Purpose Promote economic growth Strengthen the new nations finances Proposals Establish a national bank Adopt a protective tariff to raise revenue Fund the national debt Assume state debts incurred during Revolutionary War Tax distilled liquor to raise revenue Expand domestic manufacturing

Did Congress have the power to create a bank Did Congress have the power to create a bank? Controversy with Jefferson Hamilton favored a “loose” interpretation of the Constitution. Hamilton believed that what the Constitution does not forbid, it permits. Jefferson favored a “strict” interpretation of the Constitution. What the constitution does not permit, it forbids. **Watch Video Clip

Congress passes Hamilton’s Plan Debt: US pay off national debt and state war debt. For Jefferson’s support- National Capital in the south @ DC Tariffs and Excise Taxes: Low Tariffs, tax on whiskey National Bank: “Necessary and Proper clause.” Govt can print paper money and use fed deposits to stimulate business

Washington Administration Foreign Affairs The French Revolution led to the Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793 “Citizen” Genet French minister appealed directly to American people to support French cause in Rev. Conduct outrageous. He remained in US. The Jay Treaty (1794) Britain evacuates post on US western frontier but nothing about British seizures of US merchant ships The Pinckney Treaty (1795) Spain to open lower Miss River and New Orleans to US trade. No duties on trade

Washington Administration Domestic Concerns Native Americans Resisted settlement Battle of Fallen Timbers leads to Treaty of Greenville Ohio Territory claims surrendered. Open to settlement The Whiskey Rebellion (1794) What was Washington’s Response? Western Land Gained more control, must settle Public Land Act of 1796. Procedures for dividing and selling land. Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee added to the Union

Political Parties What two parties emerge? Federalists and Democratic-Republicans Differences between the two? **Look at handout and pg 109 in your study guide book Watch Video Clip

Washington’s Farewell Address Not to get involved in European affairs Against the US making “permanent alliances” in foreign affairs Not to form political parties To avoid sectionalism

Adams President DVD Complete Brief Bio

John Adams’ Presidency Adams was the Federalists candidate while Thomas Jefferson was the Democratic Republican choice Adams won by 3 electoral votes Jefferson becomes VP This method of selecting the VP gets changed by the 12th Amendment

Adams’ Presidency The XYZ Affair The Alien and Sedition Acts The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Jefferson’s President DVD Brief Bio

The Election of 1800 Between 2 Republicans: Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr H of R had to break the tie Who did Hamilton support? Passing of power between parties happened without violence (“Revolution of 1800) What does this mean for the Constitution?

How a bill becomes a law Watch the video to see how a bill becomes a law under the Legislative Branch. The Legislative Branch is discussed in Article I of the Constitution. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejimH4WTnog

REAL LIFE BRANCHES OF GOV’T LEGISLATIVE EXECUTIVE JUDICIAL FEDERAL 1.SENATOR 2.HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES FEDERAL – THE PRESIDENT FEDERAL- COURT SYSTEM TRIAL AND APPELATE CONSTITUTIONAL CRIMES I.E. CIVIL RIGHTS STATE- SENATOR HOUSE OF REPS STATE- THE GOVERNOR STATE-COURT SYSTEM LOCAL- 1.ALDERMAN 2.COUNCILMAN LOCAL -1.MAYOR LOCAL COURTS MISDEMEANORS AND FELONIES

JUDICIAL REVIEW 1. LEGISLATIVE BRANCH PASSES A LAW