Methods & Magazine Covers Caitlin Light, Ross Smith, Jon Bakos, Becky Adams © 2005

Presentation Overview Some GEP History A survey of our methods TIME magazine cover research Pulp SF magazine cover research

Background Founded in Jan of 1998 by two faculty of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Dr. Eric S. Rabkin Dr. Carl P. Simon

Background We meet weekly in lovely Angell Hall Undergraduate researchers, working in pairs Lots of team spirit! Companion GEP units: MSU in East Lansing Texas A&M at College Station University of Trento at Trento, Italy

The GEP Hypothesis Cultural phenomena evolve as do biological organisms, that is, as complex adaptive systems. Complex Adaptive System The whole adapts to the parts, and the parts adapt to the whole.

Studying Cultural Change Through Creative Works …Masterpiece Works Known for being exceptional Read by specialists Indicative of specific views held by a few Studied by most humanities scholars …Popular Works Known for being popular/successful Read by multitudes Indicative of broad views held by many Studied by the GEP! But what popular works?

…Pulp Science Fiction! Why Pulp SF? We know a lot about science fiction Begins in ‘26 and matures in the 20 th century Magazines provide contextual material Story reprints are a way to track “fitness” Many undergraduates like to read it We have a lot on microfilm at U-M …You have to begin somewhere!

Methods of the GEP What do we need in order to study pulp SF? –Particular traits to study (Fields & Values) –Agreement when identifying traits (ICR) –Comparison of works en masse (Database) –Ability to revise our approach (Dialectics)

Methods of the GEP Fields & Values –Fields: specific traits that we study. –Values: Specific possibilities of those traits. Primary Colors of Light: Red, Green, Blue Values are coded and stored in the database.

Methods of the GEP Rigorous Definitions –Agreement on meaning and usage –Also a dialectic process (constantly examined) Genre Content: The element in the story that would make most readers recognize the story as Science Fiction and without which the story might not be generally considered to be science fiction by ordinary readers. Definitions allow us to select the right values.

Methods of the GEP Inter-Coder Reliability (ICR) –Agreement between researchers on codings –The keystone of our credibility –Many of our methods serve to increase ICR It’s really important!

Methods of the GEP Dialectic Database Design –A relational computer database –The dialectic method += ThesisAntithesisSynthesis

Methods of the GEP …That’s it for methods! Time for the good stuff… Magazine Covers!

Magazine Covers A New Frontier for the GEP GEP: Magazine Covers (GEPMC) TIME Covers Project

Goals –Uncover the patterns / topics of public interest –Give a context for GEP findings in other areas Why TIME? –Began in 1923 and reputable –Reports on a broad field of news interest –Weekly issues = “high resolution” data

TIME Covers Project What do we examine? –Cover articles What are the Fields & Values? –Date. The issue’s week of publication. –Topics. 20+ different categories for articles (“Int’l Politics,” “Information Technology”, etc.) –Topics have: Presence. How important the topic is in the issue. Value. How positive or negative the topic appears.

Date? December 15 th, 1941 Topic? International Politics Value? Positive Presence? High

Date? May 1 st, 1972 Topic? International Politics Value? Neutral Presence? High

Date? January 14 th, 2002 Topic? Value? Presence? Information Technology International Politics PositiveNeutral/ Negative HighLow

TIME Covers Project Status –After three years, complete! –ICR: Very high Results –…are mostly top secret! –Romanticizing World War II –The rise of digital technology

GEPMC What do we examine? –Cover articles What are the Fields & Values? –Date. The issue’s week of publication. –Topics. 20+ different categories for articles (“Int’l Politics,” “Information Technology”, etc.) –Topics have: Presence. How important the topic is in the issue. Value. How positive or negative the topic appears.