18 CHAPTER Taxation and Redistribution PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe 18-2 Taxation and Redistribution Over half the federal budget goes toward redistribution Directly redistributive programs include: Social security Medicaid Unemployment compensation
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe 18-3 Principles of Taxation and Redistribution Taxes pay for public sector output Frequently, taxation and spending pursue income equality Goal of redistributive programs Use resources of some taxpayers to improve welfare of others
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe 18-4 Equality as a Social Goal Motivations underlying redistributive programs: Create more income equality Improve welfare of least well off Redistributive programs targeted domestically
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe 18-5 Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Results Equal opportunity Everyone starts with same chance Desire for game with fair rules Fair rules Rules that can be agreed upon
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe 18-6 Goal of Equality Equality of opportunity is a normative goal Many individuals feel that less than equitable results of opportunity warrant income redistribution policies
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe 18-7 Utilitarian Justifications Social Utility Sum of individual utilities in a society Maximize social utility Transfer income from high to low income individuals Social welfare function Utility function for society as a whole Admits possibility that it can be increased by income transfers
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe 18-8 Utility Maximization of Those Least Well Off Focuses on those at bottom of society Recognizes disincentives toward earning income inherent in redistribution schemes Suggests taxing high-income earners and redistributing to low-income earners until utility of person with lowest well-being maximized
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe 18-9 Charity as a Collective Consumption Good Will be underprovided if left to private sector Charitable Giving as a Pareto Superior Move Charity increases standard of living of less fortunate Givers and recipients made better off
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Incentive to Free Ride Charity has some characteristics of a public good Potential givers have incentive to become free riders Role of government to overcome free rider problem and provide optimal amount of redistribution
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Redistribution as Insurance Acts as type of income insurance Partially protects people from having low incomes Premiums paid in high-income years exchanged for payments in low-income years
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Progressive Taxation and Wage Adjustment Market adjustments to wage structure partially offset redistributive effects of taxation More progressive tax structure raises pretax income of high-income workers Lowers pretax income of low-income workers
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Progressive Taxation and Wage Adjustment
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Distributive Government Shift of government spending toward redistributional programs Increasing proportion of population dependent on government for their incomes More worthwhile for special interests to lobby government
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Incentive Structure of Government Programs Do government programs do what they are supposed to do? Welfare programs provide incentives to remain unemployed Programs create transitional gains Abolishing programs results in transitional losses
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Incentive Structure of Government Programs A Price Floor
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Redistributive Programs and the Poor Short run Can reduce income of poor Long run More difficult to escape poverty
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Incentives to Earn Less Income Redistributive income Payments to lower-income individuals Higher income tax rates for welfare recipients if benefits lost included in addition to taxes paid Incentive structure encourages people to remain on welfare May create poverty by creating permanent class of welfare recipients
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Hard-Core Poor and Marginal Poor Hard-core poor Poor because of injuries, disease, or disability Marginal poor Poor because of lack of education, pregnancy, economic downturn In position to improve economic status Goal of redistributive programs to help hard- core poor Help marginal poor in the process
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Growing Dependency on Government Programs Welfare dependency Marginal poor who gradually become hard- core poor
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Politics of Redistribution Redistribution programs becoming larger portion of government’s budget Increases incentives for special interests to lobby government Establishment of redistribution programs creates welfare industry
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Administrator Incentives Bureaucrats have incentive to maximize budgets of their bureaus Negative effect of government programs result of rational self-interests of government administrators Political incentives can cause inefficient programs to be favored over potentially effective ones
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe Goals of Redistribution In 2000, a family of 4 would have received $87,000 if transfers equally divided among poorest 20% of citizens. Why does poverty remain?
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMICS: The Role of Government in the American Economy Randall Holcombe The Politics of Redistribution Much income redistributed from middle incomes to middle incomes Much redistribution not targeted specifically to needy Redistribution programs subject to interest group pressure Redistribution programs designed through political process