The Rise of Mass Democracy and the Mexican War Ch. 13, Ch. 17 Notes

Party Evolution Democratic Republicans -> Jacksonian Democrats-> Democrats National Republicans-> Whigs -> Republicans

Panic of 1837 Causes: Rampant speculation with borrowed, worthless money from “wildcat banks” Bank War- Jackson vetoed recharter of the national bank, removed federal funds to “pet banks” Effects: Left Martin van Buren to deal with the depression, dooming him to one term.

DEMS  Martin Van Buren

WHIGS  William Henry Harrison

WHIGS  John Tyler, VP

“Tippecanoe, and Tyler, Too!” “Tippecanoe, and Tyler, Too!” “Tippecanoe, and Tyler, Too!” “Tippecanoe, and Tyler, Too!”

“Log Cabin” Campaign Pin, 1840

A Harrison Bandana

Definitely not log cabins… (Left) Birthplace: Berkley Plantation in Virginia (Below) Residence before becoming President

Who were the Whigs? Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, William Henry Harrison (Won 1840 Election) Tyler (President ) was a minority in the Whig party who was put on the ticket to attract states’ righters in the South. Voter Support New England, Mid Atlantic, Upper Mid West Positions: Favored Clay’s American System (a renewed national bank, funding of roads/canals, a protective tariff) Opposed immorality, vice, crime

Who were the Democrats? Van Buren (President ), James K. Polk (President ) Voter Support Southerners, westerners, small farmers Positions: Glorified the liberty of the individual States’ Rights Federal restraint in social/economic affairs

Common Ground Both shared support from the common man. Both commanded loyalties from all social classes. Both geographically diverse and willing to compromise. Significance: This would subdue the debate over slavery temporarily.

Death of President William Henry Harrison After only 4 weeks as President, Harrison dies of pnemonia Tyler takes over. Whig in name, but shares much with Democratic party. “His Accidency,” “Executive Ass” Vetoes recharter of the National Bank Arranged to officially annex Texas in 1845, nine years after Texas achieved independence from Mexico.

Dems --> James Knox Polk

“54º 40’, or Fight!”

Whigs  Henry Clay

1844 Campaign Flag

“Texas Coming In”

Texas (the beast): I fear I cannot carry you into the Presidential Chair. Polk: Dear Texas, I knew you cannot—I wish I had rode some other horse but it is too late to repent.

1844 Election Results

1.Lower the tariff. 2.Resolve the Oregon boundary dispute. 49˚, not 54 ˚, 40’ 3.Restore the independent treasury. 4.Acquire California. Goals of Polk’s Administration

The Mexican War ( )

Origins of The Mexican War Mexico had threatened war if Texas was annexed. They did not follow through. The US wanted California and dispatched John Slidell to Mexico City in He was authorized to pay $25 million. He was sent back, and Polk orders 4,000 men under Zachary Taylor to March from the Nueces to the Rio Grande (Texas’ desired border) He expected a clash. John Slidell

Polk sends War Message to Congress Despite “all our efforts” to avoid war, the Mexican army attacked on American soil. Whig from Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, wanted to know the exact place the class occurred. Was it really on American soil? Did Polk provoke war?

General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto “Old Rough and Ready”

The Bombardment of Vera Cruz

Battle of Buena Vista (1847) General Winfield Scott

General Scott Enters Mexico City “Old Fuss and Feathers”

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 Nicholas Trist, American Negotiator

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848  Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.  Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.  U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).  Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.  Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.  U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000). The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!

Results of the Mexican War? 1.The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease). 2.New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * America’s size increased by 1/3 (incl. TX) 3.These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South: Slavery issue is back. 4.Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. 5.“School room of the Civil War”- Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant 6.Manifest Destiny partially realized. 1.The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease). 2.New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * America’s size increased by 1/3 (incl. TX) 3.These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South: Slavery issue is back. 4.Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. 5.“School room of the Civil War”- Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant 6.Manifest Destiny partially realized.

Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Congr. David Wilmot (D-PA)