Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network Christopher Sabine, Richard Feely, Rik Wanninkhof, Steve Hankin

Carbon Inventories of Reservoirs that Naturally Exchange Carbon on Time Scales of Decades to Centuries Ocean 38,148 PgC Soil=2800 PgC Plants=750 PgC Atm.=795 PgC Preind. Atm. C =74% Ocean C Ant =0.39% Oceans contain ~90% of carbon in this 4 component system anthropogenic component is difficult to detect C Ant. = 26% (Ocean C ant < 1.5% of upper 1000 m)

OceanObs’09: Vision Provision of routine and sustained global information on the marine environment sufficient to meet society’s needs for describing, understanding and forecasting marine variability (including physical, biogeochemical, ecosystems and living marine resources), weather, seasonal to decadal climate variability, climate change, sustainable management of living marine resources, and assessment of longer term trends

Global Ocean Carbon Network is made up of four OCO projects that address two of the GCOS essential climate variables: surface ocean CO 2 ocean interior carbon

Global Repeat Hydrographic/CO 2 /Tracer surveys R. Feely, C.L. Sabine, G. Johnson, J. Bullister, C. Mordy (PMEL); R. Wanninkhof, M. Baringer, J. Zhang (AOML); C. Langdon (RSMAS) Goal: To maintain decadal time-scale sampling of ocean transports and inventories of climatically significant parameters in support of the Ocean Carbon Monitoring Network of the Program Plan for Building a Sustained Observing Network for Climate. Approach: The Repeat Hydrography CO 2 /Tracer Program is a systematic and global re-occupation of select hydrographic sections to quantify changes in storage and transport of heat, fresh water, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) tracers and related parameters to assess changes in the ocean’s biogeochemical cycle in response to natural and/or man-induced activity. Achievements: In FY 2011, NOAA and NSF co-sponsored two CLIVAR/ Repeat Hydrography cruises in the Pacific and Atlantic sectors of the Southern Ocean, S4P and A10. This April/May of this year we completed A20 and A22 in the North Atlantic.

FY2011 Global Repeat Hydrographic/CO 2 /Tracer surveys Global map of International Repeat Hydrography CO 2 /Tracer Program hydrographic sections with carbon system that have been completed over the last decade. The U.S. cruises are designated with blue lines. 2011

FY2011 Global Repeat Hydrographic/CO 2 /Tracer surveys Sections of dissolved inorganic carbon along the S4P (top) and A10 (bottom) transects. Principal Investigators: R. Feely (NOAA/PMEL) R. Wanninkhof (NOAA/AOML)

An informal Community Survey on CLIVAR/CO 2 Repeat Hydrography Program Data Usage As of April 2012, 62 people had responded Survey responders identified ~140 peer-reviewed journal articles published over the last 6 years based on the repeat hydrography data CTD Bottle Data Underway pCO 2 ADCP Bathy- metry Meteor- ology Other Transient Tracers CarbonNutrients Trace Metals Other

Goal: Approach: Make autonomous surface pCO 2 measurements using research and volunteer observing ships (VOS) to get spatial coverage at seasonal time scales and using a network of surface moorings to get high frequency temporal resolution. To quantify the daily to interannual variability in air-sea CO 2 fluxes and understand the mechanisms controlling these fluxes. NOAA Surface pCO 2 Measurement Program R. Wanninkhof, C.L. Sabine, R. Feely, T. Takahashi, S. Sutherland, N. Bates, F. Chavez, G. Goni, and F. Millero

SST, fCO 2 and CO 2 flux in the Equatorial Pacific Large-Scale Observational Results:  El Niño: Pg C yr -1  Non El Niño: Pg C yr -1  La Niña: Pg C yr -1  Average: 0.5 ± 0.2 Pg C yr -1  25-30% Increase in flux after the El Niño the El Niño Feely et al. (in preparation) Estimates utilize the gas transfer scaling factor of 0.24, For NCEP-DOE AMIP-II winds (after Takahashi et al, in 2009)

Interannual Variability in Sea-air CO 2 Fluxes from Park et al., 2010, Tellus B

∆pCO 2 data from CPO/COD CO 2 on ships project and international collaborators, and empirical approach of Park et al. (2010) Map of Sea-air CO 2 fluxes for December, 2011 Graphical user interface of Sea-Air CO 2 fluxes on monthly timescales

Temporal Changes in winds, fCO 2, ∆fCO 2 and CO 2 Flux in the Equatorial Pacific The flux of CO 2 from the equatorial Pacific has increased about 25-30% since 1998.

Moored pCO 2 Program C.L. Sabine (PMEL), A.J. Sutton (PMEL), S. Jones (PMEL), S. Musielewicz (PMEL) and R. Bott (PMEL) Goal: Approach: Achievements: We are at 24% of array design with 7 systems on TAO array, 4 in the North Pacific (including Papa) and 1 in the South Pacific. Develop an inexpensive, robust, accurate pCO 2 system that can be deployed on a variety of mooring and drifter configurations for up to a year at a time. To evaluate the temporal variability in air-sea CO 2 fluxes by conducting high resolution time-series measurements of atmospheric boundary layer and surface ocean pCO 2.

The value of time series lies in their continued data collection. The 7 year time series at the MOSEAN H-A/WHOTS mooring site shows an increasing trend in ocean and atmosphere CO 2. Seasonal fluctuations are also apparent in both seawater and air (e.g., low seawater CO 2 in the winter and high seawater CO 2 in the summer). Moored pCO 2 Program

Launched in February 2011, the PMEL Carbon Group website ( is completely revised and enhancedwww.pmel.noaa.gov/co2 The website received over 75,000 unique visits between Feb and the end of FY2011 New Google Earth data portal displays near real time data plots of air and seawater CO 2 at all moorings, including the 12 OCO funded sites Moored pCO 2 Program

Global Carbon Data Management and Synthesis Project C.L. Sabine, R. Feely, S. Hankin (PMEL); A. Kozyr (CDIAC)*; R. Wanninkhof (AOML); R. Key (PU); F. Millero (UM)*; A. Dickson (Scripps)* *no longer funded Goal: Approach: Achievements: Use repeat hydrography data to evaluate decadal changes in carbon inventories and the surface CO 2 data to evaluate air-sea CO 2 exchanges. To make the global carbon observing network data readily available to the community and to use these data to better understand the role of the oceans in the global C cycle. Global CO 2 data sets published; air-sea CO 2 fluxes estimated from ; Global anthropogenic CO 2 storage estimated up through anthropogenic CO 2 column inventory (mol m -2 ) Annual air-sea CO 2 flux anomalies 1982–2009 Figures from Sabine et al (BAMS, State of the Climate 2010)

Global Carbon Data Management and Synthesis Project Products include a 2 nd -level quality controlled, global surface ocean fCO 2 data set with >6.3 million observations and gridded summary fields derived from the cruise data on a 1° x 1° grid with no temporal or spatial interpolation.

New synthesis efforts are greatly expanding the available data for examining carbon changes GLODAP ~ 100 cruises ( ) (light gray) CARINA ~ 188 additional cruises ( ) (dark gray) PACIFICA ~ 260 additional cruises ( ) (medium gray)

Ocean uptake and storage products are being incorporated into global carbon assessments, including the IPCC 5 th Assessment Report Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes

Summary of the different modeling approaches. In case of the OGCMs and atmospheric inverses, the annual median value is plotted. Summary of magnitude, variability and trends of Sea-air CO 2 fluxes for RECCAP, (Regional carbon cycle assessment project) (Wanninkhof et al., 2012, in prep)

Thank you!