Chapter 20 The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society

Timeline

The Enclosure Movement

“Enclosed” Lands Today

OTHER SIGNIFICANT REASONS Colonies (Sun never Set) Britain’s style of Government Homeland Security British Fleet Location, Location, Location Mineral Resources (many from colonies)

Metals, Textiles, & Canals

Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization Cotton Industry o Switching from the Domestic System to factories

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

Spinning Jenny-James Hargreaves

Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System”

Samuel Crompton’s Spinning Mule

The Power Loom

Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization Cotton Industry o Switching from the Domestic System to factories o The Factory System -Putting production under one roof

Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization Cotton Industry The Steam engine New Machines/ Coal Early Coal Steam Pump Thomas Newcomen Pump

Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization Cotton Industry The Steam engine New Machines/Coal

Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization Cotton Industry The Steam engine New Machines Coal James Watt ( )

A Boulton and Watt Steam Engine

Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization oMore powerful than water is coal. oMore powerful than wood is iron. oInnovations make steel feasible. o“Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” o“Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel. oBessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel. Mine & Forge [ ]

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

18001 ton of coal50, 000 miners tons200, 000 miners million tons500, 000 miners million tons1, 200, 000 miners Coal Mining in Britain:

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

18001 ton of coal50, 000 miners tons200, 000 miners million tons500, 000 miners million tons1, 200, 000 miners Coal Mining in Britain:

Young Coal Miners

Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

British Pig Iron Production

Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization A Revolution in Transportation: Steam Ships – “Switch from Sail to Steam”

Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization A Revolution in Transportation: Steam Ships Railroad Richard Trevithick’s locomotive George Stephenson’s Rocket

Railroad Line from Liverpool to Manchester THE ROCKET- 16 miles per hour

The Impact of the Railroad

Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization The Industrial Factory Factory laborers-unskilled; only paid to run the machines Time-work discipline-

The Factory System × Rigid schedule. × hour day. × Dangerous conditions. × Mind-numbing monotony.

A British Textile Factory

The Great Exhibition: Britain in 1851 Crystal Palace Covered 19 acres, 100,000 exhibits Great Exhibition Displayed Britain’s wealth Britain: “workshop, banker, and trader of the world”

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

The Pace of Industrialization on the Continent Obstacles to Rapid Industrialization Lack of a transportation system Upheavals of war Traditional habits of business Lack of technical education Spurs to Industrialization Borrowing of techniques and practices Government support Joint-stock investment banks

The Spread of Industrialization Centers of Continental Industrialization Cotton manufacturing Belgium France Germany Impact of the steam engine Iron and coal for heavy industry in Germany and France The Industrial Revolution in the United States Borrowing from Britain Samuel Slater Transportation network Labor

Map 20.2: The Industrialization of Europe by 1850

Working Conditions

Rise of the new business aristocracy

19 c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

Industrial Staffordshire

Problems of Pollution The Silent Highwayman

The New Industrial City

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Efforts at Change: The Workers Robert Owen ( ), Utopian Socialism Edwin Chadwick ( ) Use of drainage Piped water Trade unionism Luddites The People’s Charter

The Luddites: Attacks on the “frames” [power looms]. Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

The Luddites

The Chartists Key Chartist settlements Centres of Chartism Area of plug riots, 1842

The “Peoples’ Charter” V Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett. V Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of × Votes for all men. × Equal electoral districts. × Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners. × Payment for Members of Parliament. × Annual general elections. × The secret ballot.

Efforts at Change: Reformers and Government Factory acts, Factory Act of 1833 Coal Mines Act, 1842

Government Response oAbolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain]. oSadler Commission to look into working conditions oFactory Act [1833] – child labor. oNew Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. oPoor houses. oReform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.

The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution Population Growth Decline of the death rate The Great Hunger Irish population growth Reliance on the potato Potato crop fails, Emigration The Growth of Cities Rapid, unplanned, growth Urban Living Conditions in the Early Industrial Revolution Cities and suburbs Sanitary conditions Crowding Adulteration of food Urban Reformers Edwin Chadwick ( ) Use of drainage Piped water