Tasks and Opportunities Within Indian Families Sripad Motiram Lars Osberg Department of Economics, Dalhousie University, Halifax Canadian Economics Association June 6, 2008A
Gender Bias, Tasks & Opportunities Within Indian Families? Tasks – Do Indian men ‘work’ more or less than Indian women? Opportunities – Gender bias in Human Capital investment in India? School attendance Informal parental instruction Results: Urban/Rural differ in work time No evidence of gender bias in informal instruction
Time Use Data – An Important New Tool for Development Analysis Poor people do not have money but they do have time Data on market income & spending cannot reveal behaviour of children or many women or very poor people Hence often ignored in empirical analysis But everything we do takes time Everyone has 24 hours of time, every day Excluded groups can be examined with time use data
Change in the Market / Non-Market Boundary – central to “Development” Crucial aspects of the development process largely occur outside the market economy – but do use time All societies pass skill sets to children Informal Parental Instruction – the base case Formalization & Specialization (i.e. Schools) characteristic of development This paper: Human Capital investment decisions & Gender Bias within households Also: Social Capital formation & Basic Goods (Drinking Water – Motiram and Osberg, 2007) Environmental Degradation & Deforestation
The Time Use Diary Methodology Standard Labour Force Survey Retrospective & summative questions asked: “How many hours do you normally work?” Rounding, Anchoring, Inconsistency Problems Large samples possible, low response burden Time Diary Interviewer walks respondent through previous random day – in minute intervals Narrative spur to recall Multiple activities + social context observable Imposes consistency & completeness Better measures of working hours? Labour Intensive - implies small samples (?) Episodic activities probabilistically observed E.g. Expectation (dining out | characteristics)
Indian Time Use Survey, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Orissa, Tamil Nadu 233 million (geographically representative) Stratified Random Sampling (NSS) rural and 488 urban strata in 52 districts 18,592 Households. (77,593 persons). 12,751 rural, 5,841 urban Households Interview Method. Male + female interviewer visit village for 9 days to assess Time Use Diary of day’s activities for all persons aged 6+ Normal / Abnormal / Weekly variant – normal used
Indian Time Use Survey,
Gender and Work in India Definition of ‘work’ is contested Is ‘caring’ = ‘work’ ? Housework Clearly female task – rural & urban Primary + Secondary + Trade = Commodity Production Rural – female field work time ≈ 2/3 male Urban Average Male work hours ≈ 8.5 Average Female work hours ≈ 1.5
Housework in India – Highly Gendered Task at All Ages urbanrural housework Boys Girls Difference Boys Girls Difference Boys Girls Difference urbanrural housework Men Women Difference Men Women Difference Men Women Difference
Housework + Commodity Production Average Minutes/Day Urban Rural Men Women Difference Men Women Difference991.2 Men Women Difference RURALPrimarySecondTrade Men Women Difference Average Minutes/Day URBANPrimarySecondTrade Men Women Difference Young rural women work most. Urban women often not in labour force
Schooling and Informal Instruction - Gender Bias in Human Capital Formation? Do Indian families prefer to invest in human capital of boys? School enrolment & attendance Lower & more biased to boys in rural areas Urban – roughly equal boys/girls HUGE impact of parental illiteracy Informal instruction by parents The ‘base case’ for useful productive skills Historically important for literacy Scandinavia in 1600s ITUS match parent & child reports of informal instruction simultaneous give/receive – Who gives? Who gets?
School Attendance of Boys & Girls Urban – roughly similar attendance rates Rural – systematic female disadvantage Lagged impact of parental illiteracy? Attendance Ages 6-10Ages 11-14Ages 15-18Ages 6-18 BoysGirlsBoysGirlsBoysGirlsBoysGirls %%%% Total Urban Total Rural
Parental Literacy – HUGE Impact on School Attendance Ages 6-10Ages Literate Adults (Age>15) in Household Boys % Girls % Boys % Girls % Urban > Rural >
Gender Favouritism &/or Altruism? Parental Informal Instruction in India Are boys more likely to get help with their homework and other types of parental instruction (gender favouritism), conditional on some instruction being given (altruism) ?
Probability of Informal Instruction by Household Adults Probit Model Gender mix of kids Not significant Parental Illiteracy Strongly negative urban & rural Income Positive – urban Home owner Positive Urban & rural Caste Negative – rural Water-carrying time Not significant RuralUrban % of Households which spend any 521 time* 5.5%17.1% Median time spent by households (mins)** 60 % of adult individuals 2.4%8.0% Of Whom: Men57.6%41.8% Women42.5%58.2% Non-Literate14.1%6.1% Literate86.0%93.9%
Probability of Receiving Informal Instruction (for a child) Probit Model Prob (given child in boy/girl family received informal instruction) Gender & age Not significant Rural or urban Parental Illiteracy Negative always No evidence for sample selection bias Total time Learning Activities Boys rural Boys urban Girls rural Girls urban Boys 6-10 Girl 6-10 Not Attending Attending Boys Girl Not Attending Attending Boys Girl Not Attending Attending Girls – less learning time than boys in rural areas, but more in urban areas - no less likely to receive parental instruction
Conclusions: (How Urbanization benefits Women - 1) Gender Bias in Tasks Housework – clearly gendered labour in India Total (housework + commodity production) Younger rural women – housework + field work = a longer workday Urban women – less work outside home Available time for home instruction of children
Conclusions: (How Urbanization benefits Women - 2) Gender Bias in Opportunities Parental Illiteracy – major negative for both school & informal instruction No evidence of gender bias in informal instruction Rural Less school & less parental instruction Girls disadvantaged in school attendance Urban More school More parental instruction More often done by women Amount & Gender Equity of HK Investment An under-appreciated benefit of urbanization in India?