I NTELLIGENCE Unit 11

W HAT IS I NTELLIGENCE ?  Intelligence  ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

W HAT IS I NTELLIGENCE ?  Factor Analysis  statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test  used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score  General Intelligence (g)  factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities  measured by every task on an intelligence test

A RE T HERE M ULTIPLE I NTELLIGENCES ?  Savant Syndrome  condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill

A RE T HERE M ULTIPLE I NTELLIGENCES ?  Social Intelligence  the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully  Emotional Intelligence  ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions

I NTELLIGENCE AND C REATIVITY  Creativity  the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas  expertise  imaginative thinking skills  venturesome personality  intrinsic motivation  creative environment

O RIGINS OF I NTELLIGENCE T ESTING  Intelligence Test  a method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores

O RIGINS OF I NTELLIGENCE T ESTING  Mental Age  a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet  chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance  child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8

O RIGINS OF I NTELLIGENCE T ESTING  Stanford-Binet  the widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test  revised by Terman at Stanford University

O RIGINS OF I NTELLIGENCE T ESTING  Intelligence Quotient (IQ)  defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100  IQ = ma/ca x 100)  on contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

A SSESSING I NTELLIGENCE  Aptitude Test  a test designed to predict a person’s future performance  aptitude is the capacity to learn  Achievement Test  a test designed to assess what a person has learned

A SSESSING I NTELLIGENCE  Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)  most widely used intelligence test  subtests  verbal  performance (nonverbal)

A SSESSING I NTELLIGENCE : S AMPLE I TEMS FROM THE WAIS From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977 VERBAL General Information Similarities Arithmetic Reasoning Vocabulary Comprehension Digit Span PERFORMANCE Picture Completion Picture Arrangement Block Design Object Assembly Digit-Symbol Substitution

A SSESSING I NTELLIGENCE  Standardization  defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”  Normal Curve  the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes  most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

T HE N ORMAL C URVE

A SSESSING I NTELLIGENCE  Reliability  the extent to which a test yields consistent results  assessed by consistency of scores on:  two halves of the test  alternate forms of the test  retesting  Validity  the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

A SSESSING I NTELLIGENCE  Content Validity  the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest  driving test that samples driving tasks  Criterion  behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict  the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity

A SSESSING I NTELLIGENCE  Predictive Validity  success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict  assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior  also called criterion-related validity

T HE D YNAMICS OF I NTELLIGENCE  Mental Retardation  a condition of limited mental ability  indicated by an intelligence score below 70  produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life  varies from mild to profound  Down Syndrome  retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup

G ENETIC I NFLUENCES  The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores

G ENETIC I NFLUENCES  Heritability  the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes  variability depends on range of populations and environments studied

G ENETIC I NFLUENCES