Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 15 The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 The Sui Dynasty ( CE) Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han dynasty Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han dynasty Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China, initiates Sui Dynasty Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China, initiates Sui Dynasty Massive building projects Massive building projects Military labor Military labor Conscripted labor Conscripted labor

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 The Grand Canal Intended to promote trade between north and south China  Most Chinese rivers flow west-east Linked network of earlier canals  2000k (1240 miles)  Roads on either bank Succeeded only by railroad traffic in 20 th century

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5 Grand Canal

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Tang Dynasty Tang Taizong Tang Dynasty Tang Taizong ( CE) Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui dynasty Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion Emperor assassinated  Tang Dynasty begins 2nd emperor of Tang dynasty (r CE) Murdered 2 brothers, thrust father aside for throne Strong ruler Chang’an  Built capital at Chang’an  Law & order  Taxes, prices low  More effective implementation of earlier Sui policies

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Tang Major achievements Transportation and communications  Extensive postal, courier services Equal-field System Equal-field System  20% of land hereditary ownership  80% redistributed according to formula Family size, land fertility  Worked well until 8 th century Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Bureaucracy of Merit Imperial civil service examinations  Confucian educational curriculum Some bribery most advance through merit  Built loyalty to the dynasty  System remains strong until early 20 th century

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Tang Military Expansion & Foreign Relations Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet One of the largest expansions of China in its history Established tributary relationships  Gifts China as “Middle Kingdom” kowtow  The kowtow ritual

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10. The Sui & Tang dynasties, CE

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Tang Decline Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine An Lushan 775 rebellion under An Lushan, former military commander Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by 763 Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9 th century, last emperor abdicates 907

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Song Dynasty ( CE) Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts Military not emphasized Song Taizu Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r CE)  Former military leader  Made emperor by troops  Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants, expanded meritocracy

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Song dynasty, C.E.

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Song Weaknesses 1. Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy  2 peasant rebellions in 12 th century  Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy 2. Civil service leadership of military  Lacked military training  Unable to contain nomadic attacks  Jurchen conquer, force Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song)

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Agricultural Economies of Tang & Song Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2 crops per year Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2 crops per year Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals Soil fertilization, improved irrigation Soil fertilization, improved irrigation Water wheels, canals Water wheels, canals Terrace farming Terrace farming

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Population Growth Result of increased agricultural production Effective food distribution system  Transportation networks built under Tang and Song dynasties

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Patriarchal Social Structures Increased emphasis on ancestor worship Elaborate grave rituals Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors Footbinding Footbinding gains popularity Increased control by male family members

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Footbinding

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Technology & Industry Porcelain Porcelain (“Chinaware”) Increase of iron production (used coke in furnaces)  Agricultural tools, weaponry Gunpowder invented Gunpowder invented printing Earlier printing techniques refined  Moveable type by mid-11 th century  Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block technique easier Naval technology

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 China & Hemispheric Economy Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases local demands for imported luxury goods

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Cultural Change: Tang & Song China Declining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han dynasty Increasing popularity of Buddhism Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear Clientele primarily foreign merchant class

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Conflicts with Chinese Culture Buddhism Buddhism:  Text-based (Buddhist teachings) Emphasis on Metaphysics Ascetic ideal  Celibacy  isolation Confucianism Confucianism:  Text-based (Confucian teachings)  Daoism not text-based Emphasis on ethics, politics Family-centered  Procreation  Filial piety

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 Chan (Zen) Buddhism Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate Dharma translated as dao Dharma translated as dao Nirvana translated as wuwei Nirvana translated as wuwei Accommodated family lifestyle Accommodated family lifestyle “ one son in monastery for ten generations of salvation ” “ one son in monastery for ten generations of salvation ” Limited emphasis on textual study, meditation instead Limited emphasis on textual study, meditation instead

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Persecution of Buddhists Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late Tang dynasty Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late Tang dynasty 840s begins systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsions 840s begins systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsions Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as well Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as well Economic motive: seizure of large monastic landholdings Economic motive: seizure of large monastic landholdings

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 China & Early Japan  Chinese armies never invade Japan  Yet Chinese culture pervasive  Imitation of Tang administration Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “ Nara Japan ” ( CE) Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “ Nara Japan ” ( CE)  Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings  Yet retention of Shinto religion

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 Heian Japan ( CE) Heian (Kyoto) Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto) Fujiwara Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of Fujiwara clan  Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power behind the throne  Helps explain longevity of the institution

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Institution of the Shogun Japanese Literature Taira Minamoto Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in 12 th century Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 CE Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto Influence of Chinese kanji characters  Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 Medieval Japan KamakuraMuromachi Kamakura ( CE) & Muromachi ( CE) periods daimyo Decentralized power in hands of warlords (daimyo) samurai Military authority in hands of samurai Professional warriors

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 Samurai bushi T he samurai (bushi) were the members of the military class, the Japanese warriors. Samurai employed a range of weapons  bows & arrows  spears & guns  most famous weapon & symbol was the sword code of bushido Samurai were supposed to lead their lives according to the ethic code of bushido ("the way of the warrior"). Strongly Confucian  Bushido stressed loyalty to one's master  self discipline & respectful, ethical behavior.  After a defeat, some samurai chose to commit ritual suicide (seppuku)

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 Samurai Dress & Armor

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 Weapons Katana sword Yari (spear)