1 Implementing Integrated Services in Network Simulator Author: Yaohui Li Supervisor: Raimo Kantola Instructor: Lic.Sc. Mika Ilvesmäki

Table of Contents Overview of Integrated Services Overview of NS2(Networking Simulator version 2) Tasks definition Tools Modeling designing and implementation Testing and results Conclusion

Overview of IntServ (1) Internet only offers a best effort service, which can meet the traditional non-real-time Internet traffics. For real-time traffic, it needs a new scheme to make reservation for the traffic. IntServ(Integrated Services) can provide resource allocation to meet the requirement of real-time application. IntServ is per-flow service.

Overview of IntServ (2) IntServ Implementation Framework packet classifier: maps each incoming packet into corresponding class. packet scheduler: implements resource allocation. Admission control: determines a new reservation request is allowed or denied.

Overview of IntServ (3) IntServ Service Models –Best efforts (BE) no any guarante –Controlled Service(CL) (RFC2211) provides service intended to predictive or delay-adaptive real-time class, or better than BE. –Guaranteed Service(GS) (RFC2212) provides a deterministic bound of end-to-end delay and bandwidth guarantee

Overview of IntServ (4) Before a network entity can be enable to invoke or select a specific service, it needs a set of parameter: Traffic Specification (TSpec) –describes the traffic characteristics for which the service is being requested. for example: it can be a token bucket filter. –GS and CL needs it

Overview of IntServ (5) RSpec (request specification) – describes the quality of service that application wishes to request from the network. –GS needs RSpec, but as for CL: no RSpec is requested.

Overview of IntServ (6) The Resource Reservation Model –RSVP is one of the protocols to implement the purpose. –It is a signalling protocol –be responsible for install and maintain reservation state in each router by transferring the parameters. –Receiver oriented. –Soft state.

Overview of IntServ (7) RSVP Messages Other message types include reservation confirmation messages, error report messages and reservation and path teardown messages.

Overview of IntServ (8) RSVP object Classes A Path message contains the following important objects: RSVP Header, INTEGRITY, SESSION, RSVP_HOP, TIME_VALUES, POLICY_DATA, SENDER_TEMPLATE, SENDER_TSPEC and ADSPEC. A Resv message contains the following objects: RSVP Header, INTEGRITY, SESSION, RSVP_HOP, TIME_VALUES, RESV_CONFIRM, SCOPE, POLICY_DAT, STYLE, FLOWSPEC and FILTER_SPEC.

Overview of NS-2 (1) Network simulator version 2 Simulates various networking models, used for researches for example: simulation in TCP, routing, and multicast protocols, mobile networks, satellite networks, and so forth. Hierarchy of NS2 OTcl: Object-oriented support tclcl: C++ and otcl linkage Discrete event scheduler Data network (the Internet) components

Overview of NS2 (2) Ns2 is writtten in two programming languages C++ and Tcl C++: Detailed protocol simulations require systems programming language –byte manipulation, packet processing, algorithm implementation –C++ is fast to run so that it is used in the core of ns2. –Turn around time (run simulation, find bug, fix bug, recompile, re-run) is slower Tcl: Simulation of slightly varying parameters or configurations –OTcl is a scripting language as a front-end or interface in ns2. –quickly exploring a number of scenarios –iteration time (change the model and re-run) is more important In sum, C++ is for data, aiming at per packet action; tcl is for control, aiming at periodic or triggered action.

Overview of NS2 (3) NS2 package stucture

Overview of NS2 (4) The binding of member variables from C++ to OTcl. For example: In C++ TcpAgent::TcpAgent(){ Bind(“window_”, $wind_) } In Otcl : Agent/TCP set window_ 100 The correspondence of member functions between C++ and OTcl: In C++ and Otcl OTcl to call C ++ : command(), tcl.result() C++ to call otcl: tcl.eval()

Thesis Task Definition In current Ns2 there are very few modules for IntServ only control load service was implemented, by using simple three-way handshake algorithm for signalling and a simple priority queue with two kinds of services (BE and CL) The task is Adding Guaranteed Service module into NS2 by making use of RSVP as a signalling protocol

Tools used in the work Design language: UML Programming language: C++ and OTcl NS2 package NS-2.1b9a on the Solaris platform CVS

Modeling designing and implementation(1) Preconditions and assumptions in GS implementation –To use RSVP as the signalling protocol to set up reservations. –We have to assume that every service element (a router, or a subnet, etc) in the path supports GS or mimics GS. However, this requirement does not mean that GS must be deployed throughout the Internet. –Routing protocols or other network management functions are outside the scope of this implementation. –The network elements must ensure that the service to be implemented approximates the “Fluid Model Service”.

Modeling designing and implementation(2) The new architecture of IntServ implementation in ns-2

Modeling designing and implementation(3) The relationship of classes to be implemented between C++ and OTcl

Modeling designing and implementation(4) the class diagram of signaling part implementation RSB(Reservation State Block) TCSB (Traffic Control State Block) PSB (Path State Block)

Modeling designing and implementation(5) The extended class diagram in NS2

Modeling designing and implementation(6) Signalling module (GSSA GS signalling)

Modeling designing and implementation(7) The signalling process and the role of each participator Sender: the initiation state of sender Sender: the waiting state diagramof sender

Modeling designing and implementation(8) For the intermediate router (complex) path message processingResv message processing

Modeling designing and implementation(9) Path_Err message process Resv_Err message process

Modeling designing and implementation(10) Path_Tear message process Resv_Tear message process

Modeling designing and implementation(11) Resv_Conf message process the state diagram of receiver

Modeling designing and implementation(12) data structures session PSB (Path State Block)

Modeling designing and implementation(13) data structures RSBTCSB

Modeling designing and implementation(14) Scheduling module

Modeling designing and implementation(15) WFQ – one of the popular scheduling algorithms –IETF adopted it for IntServ networks –an approximation of GPS (generalized processor sharing)

Modeling designing and implementation(16) Admission control making use of measurement-based algorithm It includes four control algorithms: –Measured Sum (MS). The MS algorithm admits a new flow if the sum of the token rate of the new flow and the estimated rate of existing flows is less than a utilization target times the link bandwidth. –Hoeffding Bounds (HB). The HB algorithm admits a new flow if the sum of the peak rate of the new flow and the measured equivalent bandwidth is less than the link utilization. –Tangent at Origin (TO). The TO uses a tangent to the equivalent bandwidth curve at the origin to satisfy the specific formula if a new flow is admitted –Tangent at Peak (TP). The TP is based on the tangent at the peak of an equivalent bandwidth curve computed form the Chernoff Bounds

Testing and Results (1) The topology of simulation test there are eleven CBR sources nodes n(1), n(2), n(3)…n(11) over UDP connection and their corresponding sink agents sink1, sink2, sink3 …sink(11). The bandwidth of n12 and n13 is 2.8Mbps The bandwidth of each source node n1—n11 to n12 is 1Mbps We will guarantee that the traffic of source n(11) can be received at the sink whenever how many sources are added (best effort or controlled services traffics).

Testing and Results (2) Before add GS module into ns2

Testing and Results (3) test result after adding GS module into ns2

Testing and Results (4) The simulation test after adding GS and CL into traffic nodes (the same prerequisite)

Conclusion (1) The GS implementation makes use of RSVP as the signaling protocol, and takes advantage of the part of integrated services in ns2 as the skeleton which includes admission control algorithms, estimation and measurement methods. On the basis of the result of the test cases, some basic function of GS can almost be implemented in the ns2.

Conclusion (2) However, there are still a lot of work to do for improving the implementation to realize the GS strictly according to [RFC2212] [RFC2205] and [RFC2210]. For example, in the RSVP, several objects which influence less to the implementation in ns2 were ignored, such as INTEGRITY, SCOPE AND POLICY_DATA.

Conclusion (3) Guaranteed services provide high-quality QoS. IntServ/GS is not likely to be the widely implemented QoS solution because of the well known reason: the complexity in routers and limited scalability.

Questions? Thanks for your attention!