Magdalena D. Anguelova Michael H. Bettenhausen William F. Johnston* Peter W. Gaiser Novel Applications of Remote Sensing for Improved Quantification of Sea Spray Source Function Remote Sensing Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC * Computational Physics, Inc., Springfield, VA
Motivation Sea spray aerosols Direct effect – cooling Indirect effect Dominate the activation of CCN Compete with SO 4 2- aerosols Halogen chemistry Reactive Cl and Br Tropospheric O 3 Sink of S Sea spray droplets Heat exchange Tropical storm intensification Whitecaps Gas exchange Ocean albedo & roughness Geophysical retrievals Surface wind Ocean color Salinity Photo courtesy of C. Fairall 6 Dec, 20112Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL
Sea spray source function Rate of production of sea spray per unit area per increment of droplet radius, r (s -1 m -2 m -1 ). )f() rU dr bardF,...,, From photographic measurements (Monahan and O’Muircheartaigh, 1980) From measurements using various methods )()(fUUWU log f )(f rd r d r 6 Dec, 20113Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL Size distributionScaling factor ShapeMagnitude
Possible improvements For the size distribution f(r) Extend the size range, large and small ends Recognize and include the effect of organics Introduce ambient factors For the scaling factor f(U) Less uncertainty in measuring W Introduce ambient factors Remote sensing: method, results, implications de Leeuw et al. O’Dowd et al. Keene et al. Quinn & Bates et al. Meskhidze & Peters et al. μm25μm1 80 r μm250μm r...),,(f )( f bar r ,,()( baUWU W 6 Dec, 20114Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL (de Leeuw et al., 2011) Ernie Lewis poster Sofiev et al., 2011
Objective Measure W globally Compile database Model the high variability of whitecap fraction U – wind speed (U 10 or u * ) T – atmospheric stability (= T air – T sea ) X – wind fetch d – wind duration U cur – water currents T s – sea surface temperature S – salinity C k – concentration, type (k) of surface active materials CSTUdXTUW scur,,,,,,, UW 6 Dec, 20115Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL
Whitecaps signature High Reflectivity High Emissivity Reflectivity Emissivity Vis IRmW 6 Dec, 20116Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL
Remote sensing of sea foam Microwave region Advantages Transparent (almost) atmosphere “...4% problem...at 5 GHz,..., 90% problem at IR” (Swift, 1990) Tractable atmospheric correction Clouds penetration Drawback Low resolution Smoother geophysical variability Trade-off: global coverage More data Various conditions sB fr T e T eWeWe 1 6 Dec, 20117Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL
Models Rough sea surface model 2-scale Wave spectrum Durden/Vesecky/Yueh Tuned for roughness only Using WindSat code (v ) Foam emissivity model RT model Layer with vertically non-uniform properties Distribution of thicknesses © P.R.Hemington z = 0 z = -d Air, ε 0 =1 Water, ε Foam, ε (z) Courtesy of Prof. Cilliers fr eWeWe 1 6 Dec, 20118Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL Anguelova and Webster, 2006 Anguelova et al., 2006
Data Independent sources T B from WindSat V, L from SSM/I or TMI U 10 and from QuikSCAT or GDAS T s from GDAS S = 34 psu Trade-off: Sampling issues Use long-term data Sample count 6 Dec, 20119Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL
Estimates of W Improvements over the feasibility study (Anguelova and Webster, 2006) : More physical models Independence of the variables 6 Dec, Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL
Compare to photographic data 6 Dec, Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL
Further development Models Higher resolution Improved wave spectrum in 2-scale model Comparisons/Validation More points for direct comparisons Indirect comparisons in terms of other variables CO2 fluxes from ship cruises o and COARE CO2 parameterization AOD from AERONET o and AOD from microphysical aerosol model Uncertainty characterization Currently uncertainty minimization Evaluate the remaining using global geophysical model 6 Dec, Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL
Whitecaps data base All available orbits for Resolution 50×70 km 2 Time period Entire 2006 Months of 2003, 2007 and 2008 Gridded data With 0.5 x 0.5 grid box Any other N x N possible Time periods: Daily Monthly Weekly (7 days) 3-days 6 Dec, Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL
Geographic characteristics of W March, x 0.5 Wind speed formula Satellite, 10.7 GHz, H pol. 6 Dec, Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL
Geographic characteristics of W March, x 0.5 Wind speed formula 18.7 Satellite, 18.7 GHz, H pol. 6 Dec, Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL
Develop parameterization(s) Relative importance of the variables Correlation analysis CSTUdXTUW scur,,,,,,, UW 6 Dec, Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL Fetch SST Stability Wave height Wave period Wind
New sea spray source function Include wave-field characteristics and one more factor Improve/choose size distribution Include organics ss s THUW HUW,,, 6 Dec, Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL )f() rU dr bardF,...,, Size distributionScaling factor ShapeMagnitude
Sea-salt flux Solar irradiance at TOA (W/m 2 ) : GCM – ERBE NO aerosols; Max difference over the oceans. 2 10 5 Number flux, dF (s -1 m -2 ) Annual sea-salt flux (1998) 6 Dec, Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL Haywood et al., Science, 1999 Anguelova and Webster, 2006
Sea foam definition Oceanographic definition Whitecaps on the surface Bubble plumes below Passive remote sensing Radiometers detect only the surface foam layers Skin depth At microwave frequencies a few mm to a few cm 6 Dec, Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL
Photographic measurements High uncertainty: up to 30% or more Intensity threshold A and B stages under oblique angle Patchy coverage Open ocean Southern ocean! 6 Dec, 2011Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL20 Stramska and Petelski, 2003
Improvements and restrictions 6 Dec, Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL (de Leeuw et al., 2011) Whitecap fraction, W (%)
Modeling whitecap fraction 6 Dec, Whitecaps and sea spray, Anguelova et al., NRL