Hugo Faria | 11 th September 2007 H 2 High Pressure On-Board Storage Considering Safety Issues André Vieira Hugo Faria Rui de Oliveira Nuno Correia António T. Marques

Hugo Faria | 11 th September 2007 Contents Introduction Pressure Vessels for H 2 Storage On-line Monitoring Systems Conclusions

Hugo Faria | 11 th September 2007 Introduction create a knowledge based platform for H 2 economy production > storage > logistics > utilization prototyping vessels for high-pressure gaseous storage of H 2 Portuguese EDEN Project

Hugo Faria | 11 th September 2007 Introduction composite materials Know-how on pressure vessels development

Hugo Faria | 11 th September 2007 Introduction composite materials numerical modelling Know-how on pressure vessels development

Hugo Faria | 11 th September 2007 Introduction composite materials numerical modelling filament-winding technologies Know-how on pressure vessels development

Hugo Faria | 11 th September 2007 Introduction composite materials numerical modelling filament-winding technologies vessels prototyping and manufacture Know-how on pressure vessels development

Hugo Faria | 11 th September 2007 Introduction direct strain measurement (strain gauges) acoustic emission optical fibre’s sensors Know-how on monitoring systems

Hugo Faria | 11 th September 2007 Pressure Vessels for H 2 Storage gaseous storage no specific studies on thermal environment high pressure storage conditions (up to 700bar) need of validated design methodology materials permeability to H 2 molecules steel or aluminium liners or inner covers reliability of these vessels for mid-term applications Main Concerns

Hugo Faria | 11 th September 2007 Pressure Vessels for H 2 Storage steel liner pattern calculation/generation 200bar Prototype

Hugo Faria | 11 th September 2007 Pressure Vessels for H 2 Storage CAD model meshed model FEM analysis 200bar Prototype

Hugo Faria | 11 th September 2007 Pressure Vessels for H 2 Storage part manufacture 26 litres prototype 200bar Prototype

Hugo Faria | 11 th September 2007 On-line Monitoring Systems embedment capability on composite reinforcement able to support processing conditions (temperature and pressure miniaturization to induce low stress concentration no degradation during service (corrosion, etc) monitoring strains (3%) at low frequency monitoring damage (AE events) at high frequency (20 kHz-1MHz) periodic evaluation of damage by measuring sound propagation Sensors Requests

Hugo Faria | 11 th September 2007 monitoring of strain and temperature embedment capability multiplexing ability immune to electric and magnetic fields simplicity of interrogation scheme small maximum allowable strain (for glass fiber) ΛBΛB Emitted broad band light Back reflected narrow band light Transmitted light Bragg condition λ B – central wavelength of reflected light n eff – effective refractive index Λ B – grating structure period K ε, K T – strain and temperature sensitivity ε z – axial strain α H, α F – thermal expansion of host and fiber ΔT – temperature variation On-line Monitoring Systems FBG Sensors

Hugo Faria | 11 th September 2007 sensitive to transient phenomenon (AE) embedment capability no Multiplexing ability immune to electric and magnetic fields complexity of interrogation scheme small maximum allowable strain Capillary tube Adhesive Optical fiber On-line Monitoring Systems EFPI Sensors

Hugo Faria | 11 th September 2007 embedment capability don’t allow quasi-static measuring of strain no Multiplexing ability sensitive to electric and magnetic fields complexity of interrogation scheme (amplification needed) On-line Monitoring Systems Piezoelectric Sensors

Hugo Faria | 11 th September 2007 embedment capability allow quasi-static measuring of strain no Multiplexing ability sensitive to electric and magnetic fields flexibility dependent of the support used On-line Monitoring Systems Piezoresistive Sensors

Hugo Faria | 11 th September 2007 Conclusions EDEN project is developing regional competences preparing for the H 2 economy high pressure gaseous storage is only one of the work packages the main challenge for the composite materials sub-group will be to pass from its experience on user-friendly fluids to H 2 the experience in on-line monitoring systems will allow us to develop cheaper prototypes both in terms of burst test criteria and daily operating safety issues

Hugo Faria | 11 th September 2007 Thank you for your attention